54 Lieut. Irwin's Memoir of Afghanistan. [No. 97- 



season there, and this district is distinguished by making a 

 little silk. The crops are irrigated with few exceptions, and 

 the quantity of rubbee, which is spring-sown, is but little. 

 Within the district bullocks are the chief carriage. The cli- 

 mate is different in various places, but on an average is a tem- 

 perate one. 



Lughman. 

 188. Nature has divided Lughman into two districts, — the 

 hilly, inhabited by Ghiljies, and the plain, inhabited by Lugh- 

 manees, a race of Indian descent. In both however there is 

 abundance of water, timber, and fuel. The houses are flat-roof- 

 ed, and the people drink from streams, or in the hilly tract from 

 springs. Among the hills, black tents are used by some of 

 the shepherds in summer. The temperature is much milder 

 than in the Kohistan of Cabul; the country does not appear 

 to be strong. The term Kohistan without the addition of 

 any other to explain it, is not applicable to the hilly part 

 of Lughman. Both there and in the plain the khureef is 

 the chief crop, and rice the chief product. Among the hills 

 maize is the next important to rice, but very little is 

 raised in the plain, where, in its stead are raised sugar and 

 cotton. In either quarter the quantity of wheat is but little, 

 and barley is scarcely raised at all, rice straw being the 

 chief food of the horses. Their horses are not numerous, 

 and they have no camels. Within the district the chief car- 

 riage is by bullocks ; among the hills the chief stock is per- 

 haps goats, and after them cows, but in the plains the chief 

 stock is buffaloes. Almost all the lands are watered, and chiefly 

 from streams ; the climate of the plains is accordingly moist, 

 and agues common. The little rubbee raised is almost in- 

 variably autumn-sown. The cultivation and population are consi- 

 derable. To the west however is an extensive waste, being 

 a plain with small hills, and yielding little water ; it is called the 

 plain or desert of Shytan-goom. There are some large villages 

 which may have 800 houses, but in general they are small. 

 There is little fruit, and the chief trade is in rude produce. 

 Wheat is imported from Bajour ; ghee and sheep are brought 



