476 Lassen on the History traced [No. 101. 



The name Goryaea is therefore used by Ptolemy, as it appears 

 in a more comprehensive sense, than the name of the nation of 

 the Guraei is ordinarily used by the ancient (geographers). 

 The evident carefulness with which Ptolemy always proceeds in 

 the applications of names, renders it not improbable, that he had 

 good reasons in using that name in a more comprehensive sense. 

 Goryaea (perhaps Garja in the language of that country,*) seems 

 indeed to point to an expression like Kohdaman in our days, 

 (west from the Kandar hills,) the mountain district below the 

 highest ranges of the snow- clad peaks. 



Ptolemy places between the Suastus and the Indus, the Gan- 

 darians, to whom the town Proklais (Poklais) is appropriated ; 

 here then the Gandarians are restricted to the northern bank 

 of the Cabul river ; for Proklais is the Peukela of the ancients, 

 and the Pushkala of the Indian geography ; according to Strabo 

 the Kophen still runs through the Gandaritis. The dominion 

 of the Gandarians, as it appears, is therefore restricted to the 

 northern mountain valleys, and Ptolemy is instrumental him- 

 self in explaining this. In describing the extent of the Indo- 

 Scythian empire, he observes, that its main part is situated along 

 both banks of the Indus, but he also places Indo-Scythian towns 

 just in the country along the lower part of the Cabul river, i. e. 

 just in the old seats of the Gandarians. Among them Artoartar 

 appears even to be the capital or the royal camp of the horde. 

 Artoartar is there a foreign word, and arta reminds one rather of 

 the Parthian than of Scythian elements of the language, it is the 

 arta of the names Artaxerxes, Ardeshir, &c. But since upon 

 Scythian coins Atliro and Ardethro, consequently Persian 

 names of Gods are observed, it is no wonder, that we meet like- 

 wise in their towns with elements of Iran.f Artoartar having 



* From gari, in Sanscrit giri, mountain, Zend gairi ; there consequently 

 perhaps gari. The modern word in AfFghanian language is gur, but hence 

 it does not follow, that Goryaea must be derived from that language. 



t Artoartar 121« 30', 31 ° 15'. Nagara 121<> 30', 32° 30'. Divertigium Coae 

 ad Paropamisades 121° 30', 33o 0'the juncture of the Cabul and Kameh, 

 Nagora and Artoartar were therefore situated in the same meridian. 

 But since the course of the Indus as well as the country bordering to it is 

 displaced much too far towards east and west, the real situation of those 

 three places cannot be looked for in the same meridian. 



