53 



FOREST AND STREAM. 1 



weather. Our system of rifling is our own, not Henry's. Our 

 bullet is slightly longer than lienry's, and is slightly forced, 

 so that it can never shift forward out of the cartridge. Balls 

 are patched." Mr. Rigby not only uses a twist of 1 in 20 

 riches, but also shoots a forced ball, which is also supposed to 

 materially increase the resistance of the barrel. Charges for 

 these calibres, as stated elsewhere, for -ISO-bore, 1 drachms 

 powder, and 300-grain balls to 275; 400-bore 3 drachms 

 powder and 200-grain ball, or proportion of powder to ball 1 

 to 2.44. A gentleman with much experience with the Ex- 

 press, and who owns one of Thomas Turner's (Birmingham) 

 .450 cal. Express rifles, charge 4^ drachms powder and 270 

 grain ball, or proportion of powder to ball, 1 to 2.2, twist 1 

 turn in 36 inches, writes as to trajectory: "At 25 yards, 2 

 inches high ; at 50 yards 1 inch nigh ; at 75 and 100 yards, 

 dead level ; 125 yards, 2 inches under: 150 yards, 3 inches 

 under. This is using the same, sight at all distances. The 

 trajectories of these two rifles appear very similar, taking 

 into account the difference in charges, that is, within 150 

 yards, with same sight, they will command a 5-inch bull's-eye. 

 This is certainly a very flat trajectory, and indicates that a 

 decided difference in the twist of therifle has not made a cor- 

 responding difference in the trajectory. 



Would so many of the British Express rifle-makers adopt 

 such a sharp twist as 1 in 20 if the trajectory was thereby 

 appreciably affected ? The tendency of the rifle-makers of 

 this country, as 1 understand, is to increased twist for their 

 sporting rifles. The Sharps Company have changed the twist 

 from 1 in 22 inches to 1 in 20 inches. The long-range in- 

 creased from 1 in 20 to 1 in 18 inches. Compare the published 

 table of elevations for their mid-range, twist 1 in 20 inches, 

 calibre .40, 30 inches in length barrel, proportion of powder 

 to ball to 1 to 4.7, with the table of elevation of their long- 

 range, calibre .45, twist 1 in 18 inches, length of barrel 32 

 inches, proportion of powder to ball 1 to 5.5, and we Ami, 

 making allowance for difference of length of barrel, the long- 

 range, with increased calibre, increased twist and smaller pro- 

 portion of powder to ball has at least as flat trajectory as 

 the mid-range up to 400yards. These tables are approximately 

 correct, but sufficiently so for purposes of comparison. 



Now, I submit that these facts do not sustain " H. W. C." 

 in his theory that a Sharp twist of the rifling, practically or 

 appreciably affects the trajectory of the projectile. I will 

 now briefly add the result of some experiments of my own 

 bearing on this point, with a rifle .14 calibre, 34-inch barrel, 

 twist of rifle 1 turn in 20 inches. Powder and ball were care- 

 fully weighed, Vernier and wind-gauge sights used, and with 

 a good rest; exactly the same sight was taken in e*ch experi- 

 ment at all intermediate distances. At the 150-yard and 75- 

 yard firing points, where the greatest vertical deviations oc- 

 curred, enough shots were fired to get a correct average, and 

 vertical deviations were carefully measured, 100 grains of 

 FG powder were used unless otherwise specified. The first 

 experiment was with a 384 solid ball (the lightest to be had) 

 sighted for a point-blank of 100 yards (two experiments), 24 

 shots expended gave a rise of 2 inches at 50 yards, 2| inches 

 below at 125 yards, and fifths below at 150 yards. Up to 125 

 yards only two shots struck outside of a 4i-ineh ring, sighted 

 for a point-blank of 125 yards, the result of eight experiments, 

 expending 91 shots (52 of which were tired at the 75-yard and 

 150-yard firing point), showed at 75 yard-point a rise of 3-[ 

 inches above centre of bull's-eye, and at 150-yard point a fall of 

 Z\ inches below centre of bull's-eye. Of 01 shots fired only 

 10 struck outside of a 7-inch ring, and every shot within a 10- 

 inch ring. 



A hand drill was then improvised and a 3-16 inch hole was 

 bored into the point of the bullet f inch deep, and its weight 

 reduced from 384 to 320 grains. The result of four experi- 

 ments with this bullet, expending 41 shots, was that sighting 

 for a point blank of 125 yards at all intermediate distances 

 within 150 yards, every shot struck within a 5£ inch riug ex- 

 cept four. When the term " ring " is used, it "refers more to 

 vertical deviations. In many experiments strong winds were 

 blowing, aud the attention was given more to the vertical 

 deviation. Had the same care been given to gauging the wind 

 the lateral deviations would have beeu equally as confined as 

 the vertical, as the targeting was very fine in all experiments 

 and the balls well bunched. Not being able to get a lighter 

 patched ball, a 295 grain naked ball was then experimented 

 with. On a cloudy, moist day this ball gave very uniform 

 shooting, balls being closely bunched, though this rifle usually 

 does not give uniform shooting with naked balls. Sighted for 

 200 yards, with 106 grains powder, the result of two reliableex- 

 periments showed a rise at near 100 yards of 7 inches. Sighted 

 for 125 yards, and using same- sight at 150 yards, and all iu- 

 termediate distances, several experiments showed the rifle 

 would command a five inch bull's-eye. In one experiment, 

 sighted for 125 yards, 13 consecutive shots were fired, 3 at 

 125-yard point, 5 at 100-yard, 3 at 75-yard, and 1 at 60-yard 

 point, and every ball of the 13 actually struck within the 5- 

 incb. bull's eye (Deuison's shot-gun target). Seven shots were 

 then fired with same sight from 150-yard firing point, but tar- 

 geting was not so good, only two striking within the bull's-eye 

 and the other five being almost equally distributed above aud 

 below, the average of the deviation being within the bull's-eye. 

 In another experiment, sighted for 125 yards, 4 shots were fired 

 at 150-yard point, 3 at 100-yard point, and 3 at 67 -yard point ; 

 the greatest vertical deviation was 4j inches, and, had a mis- 

 take not been made of gauging the wind to R. instead of L., 

 every shot would have been placed within the 5-inch bull's- 

 eye. The above experiments are reliable and can be duplicated 

 substantially at any time. The result of these experiments 

 shows this rifle, with 100-384 grain charge (powder to ball in 

 3.84), will command a 7-iuch bull's-eye within 150 yards, 

 using the same sight; with 100-320 grain charge (1 to 3.2), it 

 will command a 5* inch ring, and with 106-295 grain charge 

 (1 to 2.78), a 5-inch ring, with careful sighting and shooting. 

 This compares favorably with the results heretofore mentioned 

 as given by Express rifles, and convinces me that this class of 

 rifle, with rifles of such construction as will hold a light ball, 

 witli heavy charge, will give as flat trajetory as any rifle with 

 proportionate charge of powder and ball. Now, Mr. Editor, 

 my theory about all this business is this : 1 am aware that 

 writers on ordnance rather favor the idea that increased twist 

 tends to heighten the trajectory. Theoretically, and with 

 heavy ordnance, this reasoning may be correct. Practically, 

 and with small bore rifles, I believe it ib /i-</4 correct. A scien- 

 lifically designed rifle is such tha 1 , with a given bore ami 

 length of barrel, the weight and quickness of powder and 

 weight of ball should be so proportioned that the combustion 

 and°expansion of the gases is gradual and accumulative until 

 the instant of the ball leaving the muzzle. When the whole 

 expansive force of the charge is utilized to send the ball on its 

 way, the resistance of the ball as it starts from the breech is 

 of two kinds : first the weight of ball and resistance of the air, 

 which is constant during Its flight ; second, the friction of 

 ball in the bore and from the twist of rifles, which ceases at the 



instant, of its exit from muzzle. Now, if the combustion of 

 powder is gradual, and l tic full expansive force of the gases 

 is not fully developed until the moment of ball leaving the 

 muzzle, it would seem reasonable that the friction within the 

 bore does not affect the initial velocity of ball. It would seem 

 reasonable, especially with large charges of powder and light 

 ball, that a certain amount of retardation in the bore may be 

 necessary (such as is caused by sharp twist in rifle, or using a 

 forced ball) in order to insure perfect combustion and full de- 

 velopment of gases generated ; whereas this retardation would 

 necessarily increase the recoil, it need not have any injurious 

 effect on the initial velocity of the bail. At any rate, 1 main- 

 tain that as high velocity is developed in properly constructed 

 rifles with very sharp twist as by those with twist consider- 

 ably less sharp, and that, practically, flatness of the trajectory 

 is dependent in a scientifically proportioned rifle entirely upon 

 the relative proportions of powder and ball. The facts given 

 above in this communication substantiate these views in my 

 opinion. Did space permit I would have something to say in 

 regard to H. W. C. 's standard for a rifle for large game, but will 

 close by advancing t lie opinion that it will be some time before 

 a rifle of his standard, with 40 grains powder, 20-inch barrel 

 and 6 pounds weight, will be adopted west of the Mississippi 

 Kiver, where at present they vary in weight from 9 to 16 

 pounds, with charges of 70 to 100 grains powder, with a ten- 

 dency to large charges. P. 

 ■My 20, 1878. 



JPu §>fime of fSshess. 



Problem No. 21. 



Tourney sot, No. 19. Motto : Blue Bolls ot Scotland. 



WliUe to [ilay and give mate in threemoves. 



Gome No. 72 — BIT LOPEZ. 

 ;ame in the Paris tourney, by the gain of wnlca Herr ZuSer- 

 two, carried off the first prize; 



The last 

 tort, scoring 



White. Black. 



Wninwor Zukcrtort 



1_P-JU 1— P-K4 



2-Ki-K B3 2— Kt-Q B3 



:;-B-Kt5 3— Kt-BS 



4— Castles 4— Kt Iks P 



n-iM.-l 5— B-ka 



6-Q-K2 0— Kt-G9 



T-B Iks Kt 7— Kt 1' Iks B 



g— P Dcs P 6— IU-KB 



0— KL-Q.I 9— Castles 



10— Kt-B.l 10-IU-B4 



11-K-fc. 11— Gi-K 



li-Kt-li5 12-f-BJ 



lit— Q-KM 13— Kt-K8 



14— B-RO .4— B-B'2 



15-B-KS 15-li-R 



Hi— Kt I.K9 B IB— Q tks Kt 



17— PtksP IT- BtkaP 



1S-Q-KIU 13— P-Ql 



CURSORY JOTTINGS. 



— Zakertort defeated Wlnawer in the He match i>y a score of two 

 games won and two draws. Mr. Zukertort wins flrat prize and the 

 title, " World's Champion," 



—Mr. MacKenzie won two successive games of Mr. Bird, thus 

 curing the fourth prize. 



White. 

 Wfoawer 

 19-K-K 

 80— 1U-K2 

 21— P-O B3 



aa— Kt-Kta 



23-=B-KtB 



21-R tks Kt 

 25— Kt^K4 

 26— KtksR 

 27-K-K 

 2S-K-B3 

 29— B-Q2 

 30-P-K K3 

 31— Q-B4 

 32— K-Ba 

 33— Q tks B ch 



34-B-B1 



Resign: 



Black. 

 Znkenort 

 19-U-B-2 



ao-p-Bi 



21— B-R3 

 M— P-QB 



23— R tka P 

 34— B-KI.2 

 2S-R tks P ch 

 2B-Q tka R 

 27— R-K 

 2S-P-K R3 

 V9— K-Kt 

 H0-Q-B4 ch 

 31— Q tksP ch 

 32— R-B 

 38— K tks Q 



—Wfxtnitnsttr Papers. 



fatiaml Unstimqs, 



ARCHERY CLUBS. 



ON organizing an Archery Club, the first thing is to elect 

 a President, Secretary and Treasurer, and, if the club is 

 large, an Executive Committee. The latter should draw up 

 a simple set of ruleB and by-laws. The bows, targets and other 

 club property should be in charge of the member at whose 

 house the meeting takes place, and by him delivered to the 

 place of the nest meeting. The scores should be kept by the 

 captains, who alone should draw the arrows from 

 the targets, and all arrows should be marked with the own- 

 er's name in full, to prevent mistakes. 



Any member dropping an arrow while shooting shall have 

 the right to pick it up and shoot it again, provided he can 

 reach it with the how without moving from the score. 



All arrows striking between two bands shall count in the 

 highest. 



Each side, if possible, should have separate targets, and 

 gentlemen should be handicapped one-fourth of the distance ; 

 that is, if they shoot eighty yards, ladies should shoot but 

 sixty. 



Ties should be decided by the greater number of hits. 



Arrows dropping, glancing or rebounding from the target 

 do not score, 



After shooting, arrows and bows should be wiped clean and 

 robbed well with a rag and a little oil and beeswax. If the 

 string shows signs of wear, rewind or replace with a new one. 

 Each archer should have a tassel suspended from the quiver 

 belt, and the arrows, when drawn from the ground, should be 

 wiped thereon. 



Bows should be hung up in a baize bow-bag or allowed to 

 rest flat, or else they will be apt to warp. Arrows should also 

 he flat. 



If the feathers are lost from the arrow, peel a side of a 

 goose or turkey quill, cut the same length, aud glue on then 

 when dry; trim to match the others- The arrow should have 

 one odd or cock feather to show the side that should lie next 

 to the bo iv. 



In lost week's Forest and Stream there was a score be- 

 tween two clubs published, but it was impossible to judge of 

 the shooting, as there was no way of telling how many arrows 

 were Bred or what the size of the targets were.. 



Clubs, in sending scores, should give the distance, number 

 of ends (each end consists of three arrows), number of hits, 

 score and size of target used. 



The standard size, as I mentioned in a previous number, is 

 48 inches, gold or bulls-eye 9 inches, and the distance for gen- 

 tlemen 100 yards ; ladies, 75. A 24-inch target, with a 4-inch 

 gold, is considered about r'tgiit for 40 yards. 



The great trouble is that the mass of bows sold will not 

 throw an arrow any distance. People are buying bows of both 

 American and foreign make, costing from one to live dollars, 

 that are only fit for children, and many will become disgusted 

 with archery from the use of such inferior material. It would 

 be better for two or three to club together ami get a good arti- 

 cle than to use this cheap and worthless stull. 



I have a self-lancewood bow, now in daily use for over six 

 months, and it is perfect. It is one of Aldred's, of London. 

 It would be very valuable if archers would give, without pre- 

 judice, their experience of the different makers. Mr. Maurice 

 Thompson claims that he cannot find a foreign bow that will 

 stand his hard shooting, but also states he has not tried one of 

 Aldred's. Time will tell, and I have yet to hear of one of 

 that make disappointing its owner. 



W. H., President Oritsni Archers. 



Scotia vs. Erin.— The contest between Duncan C. Ross, 

 the Scotch athlete, of Toronto, Canada, and Thomas Lynch, 

 the Irish champion, of New York, came off at Jones' Woods, 

 this city, last Thursday. The contest was preceded by a one- 

 mile walk, won by D. McDonald 8m. 15s.; a half-mile race 

 (for amateurs who had never won a race), also won by Mc- 

 Donald, against three competitors, in 2m. 3(i:[s.; Mr. McCaf- 

 frey won three standing jumps, and Mr. Lynch won the prize 

 for the running broad jump. After these competitions had 

 been decided the event of the day was announced, and Rosa 

 appeared on 1he sward. The first test was throwing a 56- 

 pound stone from the side. In three attempts the following 

 distances were scored- Ross 84ft. 9in., 34ft, 10in, '-Mit.: 

 Lynch, 21ft. 6in., 22ft, lOin., 24ft. Three attempts at put- 

 ting the same stone from the shoulder were won by Lynch, 

 who made the following score: liJft. 7.Un., 20ft. 4in., 30ft. 

 4in., against 17ft. 10in., 19ft. Sin., 18ft. 8iin., for Ross. Ross 

 outdistanced Lynch in throwing the 1 6-pound hammer, as fol- 

 lows: 80ft., 97ft. 2Jan., 96ft. Bin,; Lynch, 80ft, lOlin., 98ft., 

 93ft. Ross won at throwing the 12-pound hammer as follows: 

 Ross, 105ft. Sin., 107ft. 10iu., 110ft.; Lynch, 101ft. 6in., 

 98ft. 9in., 107ft. Lynch put a 80-ponnd stone from the 

 shoulder the following distances : 89ft. 4in., 31ft. 2in., 30ft. 

 lin., against 27ft. Tin., 28ft., 31ft., for Ross. Lynch put the 

 16-pound stone 40ft. 7in., 43ft. 4in., 43ft. 4in., to 36ft. 10in,, 

 38ft. 4in., 88ft. loin., for Ross. Lynch also won the standing 

 broad jump, as follows: 9ft., 9ft. 10iu., 9ft. lO.'.in.; Rosa 

 scoring 9ft. 2in., 9ft. ain., 9ft. 6in. lie vanquished" his oppo- 

 nent for a fifth lime by jumping 4ft. llin. (running high 

 jump) and thus he secured "the championship of the world " 

 and $500. 



O'Leaby. — He did, or he didn't. That's the way it 8tand3 

 now, and no one will ever know certainly whether the 400 

 miles in the Boston Music Hall were made in 123 hours or 

 not. The timekeeper's eccentricity was to reckon the mile3 

 variously at nineteen, twenty and twenty-one laps, and while 

 there is every reason to suppose that the pedestrian accom- 

 plished his feat, this peculiarity of the timekeeper has pre- 

 vented the time from going on record. 



"Bating that O'Leary" Again. — John Hughes, the 

 pedestrian, who was puffed up by Harry Hill's money and 

 good-natured paper notices hist spring, has started out on 

 another wild tramp. He was, at last accounts, dashing around 

 the track in Machinery Hall, Newark, bent upon making 400 

 miles in less time than O'Leary took to" accomplish the feat. 



Amateur Swimmers.— Last Saturday the second annual 

 swim for gold, silver and bronze prizes, presented by the New 

 York Athletic Club, was contested in the Harlem River. 

 The entries were : H. M. Martin, Nonpareil Rowing Club ; 

 George Kegler, Elizabeth Turnverein; F. J. Ernes, New 

 York Athletic Club ; James Eraser, New York Athletic Club; 

 T. E. Hitching, New York ; John Bittner, New Yoik ; H J. 

 Heath, New York ; G. W. Alcott, Brooklyn ; and Dennis 

 Butler, Brooklyn. Of these, all appeared to* take pal 

 Hynes. The start was made from Macomb's Dam at 5:30 p. 

 m. The men swam with the tide. Butler forged ahead at 

 the start, Alcott took second plaCB and Batching was third, 

 and the other five in perfect line for the first 200 yards, llut- 

 ler throughout the race swam hand over hand, changing from 

 left to right hand ; the others swam squarely with face down. 

 At the half-mile stake the positions were : Alcott first, Butler 

 second, Heath third, Bittner fourth and Hatching fifth, the 

 rest one hundred feet behind. At the mile stake the excel- 

 lent finish was: Butjer, Winner, 19m. C.s.-, Alcott second, 

 19m. 138.) Heath third, 19m. 20s.; Hitching fourth, 19m. 25s. 



Cricket. — A match between the Staten Island Cricket Club 

 and the first niue of the Staten Island Base Ball Club, at 

 Washington, S. I., last Saturday, resulted in a score of 77 to 

 40 in favor of the former. 



The Australian cricketers have reason to be highly satisfied 

 with their success in Eugland, A writer in a recent English 

 magazine foretells that the Australian is to be the coming 

 man. Some of the English cricket clubs are beginning to 

 think that he is the man already. American cricketers will 

 shortly have an opportunity to try conclusions with the Aus- 

 tralians. They leave England about September 10, and will 

 play in New York, Boston, Canada, Philadelphia, Chicago, 

 Detroit, St. Louis and San PranciSCb. 



The return cricket match between the Manhattan Club, of 

 this city, and the Paterson United. Club, will be played at 

 Prospect Park on Friday. The Paterson United will play the 

 St. George's at Hoboken next week. The Uermautown Club 

 will play at Staten Island during this month. 



Newport Athletic Meeting. — The entries for the games 

 at Newport to-day number over one hundred, and comprise 

 many athletes, who have made excellent records. A fine dis- 

 play of skill may be expected. To-morrow the Lacrosse 

 tournament will be held. 



Whose Carrier Pigeon is This ?— Elizabeth, N. J., Aug. 

 19.— Mr. Editor : While on the salt meadows, lust Friday, I 

 saw a man shoot a carrier pigeon. Ws3 it a bird flying in a 

 match ? R. M. C. 



