FOREST AND STREAM. 



283 



of shelter, ornament, or a screen, it will generally happen 

 that all trees so employed will be placed in situations more 

 open or exposed th.n those from which they were token. 

 And jilstas the carefully nurtured child and warmly housed 

 animals suffer from too sudden an exposure to inclement 

 weather, so are the sap-vessel» of the hitherto well-sheltered 

 tree or nursery plant injured by too much exposure of the 

 epidermis or cortical layers. 



Most trees growing in sheltered situations have a thin and 

 glossy bark, smooth and very delicate, Their stems are long 

 and correspondingly weak, and their heads and roots l*ss 

 spreading. As these qualities are exactly the opposite of 

 wh it are necessary in situations of exposure, their whole ra 

 ture mu-t be eh uiged before they can he removed with safety. 

 To Stand alone a tree requires to he possessed of abundant 

 flbrous roo's and spreading branches, a fairly d nse head with 

 thick foliage, a bark think and indurated, and a stout bole. 

 These have been called the "protecting properties," , mil no 

 tree greatly deficient in them dan be moved with any chance 

 of success. 



In making a selection for groups or clumps, or in disposing 

 of single trees, as a contrast to the more open appearances or 

 the oak, ash, elm and sweet chestnut, the horse-chestnut, 

 lime and sycamore may be chosen, Most, of these wiilnourisl) 

 in any soil which is neither too retentive of moisture nor too 

 porus, and through which the rain slowly percolates. 



2. Preparation— As there are but few estates upon which 

 can be found any considerable number of trees ready to the 

 hand of the transplanter, it will in most cases be necessary to 

 adapt such. The hist step will be the gradual opening out of 

 the selected subjects, so as to insure them the maximum 

 amount of space, light and air, and by degrees to alter their 

 constitutions. Thus may be obtained a gradual hardening of 

 the sap-vessels, a thickening of the bark, enlarged head, and 

 thicker foliage, which will suon produce a thicker stem. The 

 heat generated by close plantations, from which high winds 

 are necessarily excluded, and from which there is but little 

 evaporation, produces greater elongation of the stem. This 

 the free admission of air and sunshine modifies. 



As under the most careful manipulation considerable 

 damage must be caused to the roots of transplanted trees, the 

 previous increase of fibrous roots should be aimed at. To se- 

 cure this a trench may be cut all round the tree at a distance 

 of from one-half to two-thirds the spread of the branches, and 

 to the depth of the lowest side roots, and afterwards filled 

 ■with a good light compost, which will soon become occupii d 

 by a mass of fibrous roots. If left undisturbed for two years 

 in a light soil, and for three, or even four years in a moder- 

 ately heavy one, and, at the same time, a nourishing compost 

 be spread over the uumoved ground between ihe trunk of the 

 tree and trench, the root growth of Ihe tree will be everything 

 that can he desired for a successful removal. Ths trench 

 should be kept dry by having a drain cut or laid from its 

 lowest side. Wherever it is desirable to open or pi cue the 

 head, this should bs done at the time the trench U formed. 



For autumn transplanting an early summer trenching of the 

 ground is a good preparation, but the large holes should have 

 been thrown out long before. For late spring transplanting, 

 holing may be sufficient at the time ; but it should be followed 

 by trenching during the next- season. 



3. Removal— L'o insure the successful removal of a large 

 tree it will be necessary to preserve every root that can be 

 taken up uninjured, and ulso to avoid pollarding or cropping 

 the head, beyond shortening auy extravagant growth of 

 brandies. In most cases it will be impossible to retain the 

 tap-root ; nor is it at all a matter of primary importance, as 

 young trees renew them with great facility, and older ones are 

 not in any way dependent upon them, except in bo far as they 

 give stability to the stem. Indeed, so soon as the leader of a 

 tree ceases to shoot upward, and the head becomes rounded, 

 does the tap root die away or become indistinguishable among 

 the other roots. 



As the preservation of the smaller fibrous roots, whoso 

 growth has been greatly promoted by the previous cutting 

 round, is a matter of primary importance, a trench from two 

 to three feet wide should now be opened out beyond the pre- 

 vious one and carried down to a greater depth. Into this 

 trench the workmen charged with the uncovering and open- 

 ing out of the roots will work all loosened Eoil, which will be 

 kept thrown out by the shovellers. 



To loosen the soil from among the roots the workmen should 

 be provided with a light handy pick, every blow of which 

 should be given as ihs man faces the tree. Such an imple- 

 ment was invented by Sir Henry Steuart, who named it the 

 *' tree-picker," and who describes it as " resembling the pick 

 used by miners, but with only one point or proDg. The 

 head was 15 inches long in the prone, and extremely 

 light. Tne wooden handle was 2| feefin length, and the 

 enLiie implement weighed only 4£ pounds." Armed with such 

 tools the workmen commence to pick out the soil from among 

 the roots, carefully gathering up the latter as tbey proceed. 

 When from the different sides they meet within a few feet of 

 the collar of the tree, the trunk is pulled on oneside by means 

 of ropes which have been previously attached near its upper 

 forks, the taproot is then severed, and the raised side is bol- 

 stered up with soil. The same process is repeated for the op- 

 posite side, and the tree is then placed in a favorable position 

 for removal m its upright form, or for being lowered upon the 

 ordinary transplanting machine. 



With the ordinary transplanting machine, when all is made 

 ready it is brought along-ide the tree, which is lashed firmly 

 to the pole, and by means of the leverage which this affords 

 the tree is at once brought into a horizontal pesitinn, after 

 which horses are attached, guide-ropes applied, and the tree 

 with its roots carefully packed up and protected, is conveyed 

 to its new site. 



4. Planting.— $ha fallacy that the safety of a transplanted 

 tree depended upon its being tised in its new quarters in pre- 

 cisely the same relation to the points of the compass that it 

 bad occupied in the old has long exploded. And on the 

 other hand, numerous experiments have shown that the "-eneral 

 outline of such a tree can be considerably improved by its re 

 versal. For, as the greatest spread of its branches etc , is 

 always upon the warmest side, such a process tends, in a few 

 years, to restore the equiUhrium. 



Before lowering the tree into its hole see that the soil upon 

 which it is lo be placed is thoroughly consolidated, as upon 

 this will depend greatly its future stability. Asbghtly con- 

 caved bottom, with a raised mound for its sides, will afford 

 the greatest support. 



The workmen intrusted with the laying out and uncovering 

 of the roots should well feather ihem out between their 

 fingers, and arrange them in tiers according to their posiiion 

 upon the tree, avoiding all crossings and iateriacings. Those 

 again who are employed to throw in soil should see that it ia 

 finely pulverized and laid on in small quantities at a time. To 

 fill up all interstices immediately under the collum, or neck, 



Pontey recommended dashing on water or pouring it from * 

 height— a system which will be found much more efficacious 

 linn any amount of treading or rimming at the time of plant 



log. 



In finishing up the mound the greatest depth of soil should 

 be near the stem, and over the whole surface allowance should 

 be made for a gradual subsidence. 



Much of the success of the tree will depend upon a thorough 

 pulverization Of the soil in which it is placed, and a proper 

 mixing of the added compost. Without going to the lengths 

 of Jethro Tull, who nufatalned that a thorough pulverization 

 Of the soil entirely superseded the use of manure, and whose 

 want of chemical knowledge blinded him to the fact that there 

 is such a tiling as exhaustion of the soil, it is scarcely possible 

 to overrate the beneficial effects of a complete mixing and 

 comminution of the panicles of soil placed in contact with 

 the rootlets, For a sandy or gravelly toll a compost Of part 

 clay will be beneflqial < for a clay soil, a compost of Sand with 

 peat. 



5. After Treatment— As soon as the tree has been fixed In 

 its new quarters return the turf or give the ground a good 

 mulching with half rotten straw, moss", long manure, or any 

 Substance which will afford protection and prevent evapora- 

 en Stones afford shade and promote consolidation. 

 . ■■union should be taken to ward off the effects of 

 drying winds, a hot sun, or later on the evils of frosts. Pro- 

 tection will be especially necessary in the cas«s of the oak, 

 beech and birch, whose roots are very susceptible of drought. 



A good ramming during the first spring or early summer 

 will be serviceable, and this should be followed by liberal 

 waterings till the end of June or middle of July. Afterward 

 fork in a good compost lightly round the stem. An admixture 

 of eeul-n-hes and good mould will prove most effectual. 



the leaves of a iranspl oiled tree are often fewer and smaller 

 during Ihe first season after removal, tint they soon recover 

 themselves. Very little attention is afterward required by a 

 tree which has been carefully selected and prepared, well got 

 up and re-planted, and attended to during the first, summer- 

 But under no circumstances should water be allowed t« stag- 

 nate around its roots. 



It may scarcely be neces-ary to add that every operation of 

 the trausplanter should be performed with care ; there should 

 be no unnecessary amputation or laccratiou of roots, though 

 injured ones should tie cnefully pruned; no damage done to 

 the hark, and no mu ilatioti of the branches. 



THE UNITED STATES 

 SUPPLY. 



TIMBER 



It takes a century to grow a standard pine log, yet lumber- 

 men may now be found in the forests of Michigan cutting 

 down, on an average, three trees to pet one stick of the quality 

 of timber that will pay to ship, uud li living he othcis from 

 some trifling defect, to rot in the woods It. is not cleir bow- 

 ever, what the Hon. David A. Wells- or even the United 

 States Government, can do about it. Mr. Little would prob- 

 ably be satisfied with the removal of the duties now imposed 

 on Canadian lumber. The removal of the present tariff ob- 

 structions would bring to us tie lumber for which the Do. 

 minion is now compelled to seek a foreign market, and would 

 thus reinferce our supply and stave off the evil day a little 

 longer. But what is needed is the adoption of some effective 

 measures looking to the careful husbanding of our forest 

 wealth, and its preservation from spoil and waste. It is, of 

 course, Useless to appeal to the great lumbt riot, intereatsto 

 restrain their cupidity by sparing the young trees, and hyc.ire- 

 fully avoiding to overstock the market lo the injury of all 

 legitimate operations. However near and certain liie impend- 

 ing cilamlty, little will be done to forestall or soften its rigor 

 until it is directly upon us; such is our headlong, day-by-day, 

 method of doing — or not doing. But the enactment by Con- 

 gress of the bill to encourage tree-planting on the prairies, ro 

 ferret! to in these columns yesterday, may have some effect in 

 mitigating the hardships which will be felt when within 

 a few years pine lumber is so scarce- and costly as to 

 be practically beyond the reach of the settlers on the prairies. 

 The planting and care of ten acres of Cottonwood or Norway 

 spruce will itself bea valuable experience in the art of forestry, 

 and wdll naturally lead to the cultivation of other and more 

 useful commercial woods. — St. Paul Pioneer- Press. 



MR, JAMES LITTLE, a merchant of Montreal, has 

 made a thorough examination of the sources and ex- 

 tent of our timber supply, and has embodied the results of 

 his labor in a letter to lion. David A Wells. lie presents an 

 array of facts touching ibe lumbar resources of the United 

 States, the rapid rnic, at which the present system of forest 

 devasne ion is carried on, Hie near approach of the day when 

 the supply will be exhausted, and the consequent ruinous ef- 

 fect upon the wood industries of the couuiiy. Mr. Little is 

 doubtless an interested parly ; he has long been engaged ia 

 supplying the United States Market with Canadian lumber, 

 and probably winces under the weight of duties imposed by 

 tne existing non-reciprocity treaty. But his personal busi- 

 ness relations to the lumner traffic, whatever they may be, 

 have no relevancy as affecting the facts he furnishes. His 

 statements are based upon statistics and oilier accessible 

 data, supplemented by observations gained in IfVty years' ex- 

 perience, and are pitied before the public with a force and 

 perspicacity which should secure attention. Of the twenty- 

 six States comprising the New England, Middle, Western and 

 Northwestern to the Kocky Mountains, only four arc now 

 able to furnish lumber supplies beyond their own require- 

 ments. These four arc Maine, Michiga», Wisconsin and Min- 

 nesota. Maine is now almost stripped of her pine forests, 

 and lumberers are forced to the headwaters of every river in 

 the State in search of spruce, and arc stocking their mills 

 wiih sapling poles of six and seven inches in diameter; and 

 this slaughtering of young trees is carried on to such an ex- 

 tent, to supply the neigbboiing States and for shipment, 

 abroad, that in a few- years the people of that State will have 

 neither white pine nor spiuce for their home consumption. 

 The northern sections of Michigan, Wisconsin aud Minnesota 

 are the qttiy localities of the whole twenty-six Stales that are 

 able to furnish supplies of white pine beyond the wants of 

 their own respective States, and the demand on them is so 

 heavy for all sections of the country thai, it will not be pos- 

 sible for them t'i reap >ud to it for more thau five or six years 

 longer. Tne in du streams arc all stripped, and Hie lumber- 

 men are now operating at the h-ad waters of their tributaries, 

 banking logs in dry gullies, and depending on spring freshets 

 sufficient fo float them. On the lower 'leninsula of Michi- 

 gan the mil low ners having exhausted their timber within team- 

 hauling distauce, are building railways on their own account, 

 to enable them to reach the outskirts of their supposed iu«x- 

 haustiole limber resources. Take any ordinary U S. map 

 and the sections composing the white pine supply for all he 

 country cast of the Pacific: Blope could he covered by the 

 palm of one's hand if brought together at one point. With 

 the exc pnon of the eurly settle! in the several .Stales, and the 

 pioneers on our Western prairies, we in this country have 

 never really felt the inconvenience occasioned by absence of 

 soft wood. However high in price, the tnousands or manu- 

 factories requiring its use manage to secure it, because they 

 must have it ,- and the ounsequent advance in the costs of 

 their products falls upon the whole people ; so that the ques- 

 tion of supply becomes one of interest to every individual, 

 high aud low, rich and pour. But; what we arc threatened 

 with now is not merely a scarcity, but an absolute tie nth of 

 the most essential kind of wood used in a vast number of in- 

 dustries. According to the census cif 1870, there are no less 

 than 173,450 industrial establishments, and 1,093.202 opera- 

 tives engaged in furnishing the- wood materials and articles 

 indispensable to modem life. It would require some $500- 

 OOOiOOJ to, send abroad and purchase an amount of lumber 

 qual to our consumption for a single year, and the combined 

 tonnage of the whole world wouhffall far short of being able 

 bo ■freight it from the Pacific to the Atlantic seaboard. The 

 ipreasion prevails that when our supply fails, as it inevitably 

 II, within ihe next ten years, at the present rate of con- 

 sumption and reckless waste in lumbenng, -wu have but to 

 look to Canada, where can be found euough to kc-t for centu- 

 ries. But Mr Little assi Us that there is "not, from Manitoba 

 to the Gull of Si Lawrence; as much pine, spruce, hemlock, 

 whitewood, aud other commercial woods as would supply the 

 United Slates [or a period of three years ; and the whole ac- 

 cessible pine localities have besides been run over for board- , 

 wood timber suitable to supply the English demand. 



FURS AND TRAPPING. 



Habits of toe Hddsos Bay Fur Teaders, 



THE boatman himself, or voyageur if an Indim, is gener- 

 ally a young man, heavy eel, copper-colored, and highly 

 ornamented. His black hair is greased, and plaited in small 

 braids, from which depend bright colored ribbons or feathers. 

 About his thick neck there is a broad band of wampum, from 

 which he hungs, suspended over the throat, a huge silver 

 medal. This medal was not presented for valuable services 

 rendered, however, but can be purchased at the Company's 

 stores. His capole is open at the throat, and reveals a 

 broad, uncovered chest, corded with muscle.' In lieu of the 

 sash he weara a broad leather belt, in which is slung his flie 

 bag, beaded or quilled, containing a pipe and tobacco flint 

 and steel, and serving also, upon occasion, a- a po. ke.t book. 

 If the voyageur be half breed, ho is a little above the me- 

 dium height, with lithe, active frame, enough of the aborigine 

 to imparl suppleness aud sufficent of the white to add a cer- 

 tain solidity of frame lacking in the savage. His features are 

 r, gular to a fault ; complexion nut-brown ; black eyes, and 

 long hair hanging down in a straight mass over his shoulders. 

 He' wears a tassi lied cap, and is also en, capote, hut of fine 

 blue cloth, ornamented With two rows of silver gilt buttons; 

 variegated sash, corduroy trousers, and moccasins of course. 

 He is quick and uervous in manner, and volatile in tempera- 

 ment to a degree 



The craft in which these men labor are called "inland boat*." 

 They are built of the usual pattern of whale boats, and have 

 a carrying capacity of about three and one half tons. They 

 posse* one sail, which is square and large. Each bout, is 

 worked by nine men, of whom eight are rowers aud the otb. r 

 the Steersman, Brigades composed of iiom four to eight of 

 these crafts are kept plying ill various directions through, iut 

 ihe season of open water on the inland lakes and uvers. 

 Tneir Cargoes, destined for the interior, are composed of 

 good, intended for the Indian trade at the various posts scat- 

 tered over the territory. Tueir return freight is made up of 

 furs and other country products for shipment to England. 

 Tuese brigades generally traverse the same routes for con- 

 secutive years, occupying from two and a half to four months 

 in making the voyage. The bnaliag season generally com- 

 mences f'arly in June, and continues nniil ihe middle of Oc- 

 tober, when the ice begins to foim on the northern waters. 

 At the extreme limits of the course traversed by the boats 

 going north aad west inlaid, tbey are met by other boats 

 traveling south, bringing ihe furs already traded. At this 

 point of meeting an 'exchange of cargoes is effected, when 

 each brigade retraces its courss. In this way the whole 

 country, from the lorty-nhih parallel of latitude to 67 de- 

 grees 30 minutes, is supplied with goods and drained of furs. 

 On the rivers traversed by ihese brigades there are many 

 interruptions to navigation of so serious a nature that the 

 boats have to be unloaded, End, together with their freight, 

 curri, d by their eruws occasuicady for a consal-rble distauce 

 overland, to be re-launched at the nearest spot where the ob- 

 struction isat an end, or to be placed in the waters of another 

 stream ruunin=r in an opposite direction. This piocess is call- 

 ed '' making a portage." 



The va^t amount of handling necessary m passing goods 

 over the numerous portages which intervene between ihe de- 

 pot posts, and even the nearest inland tlisoicts, rendrrs the 

 packiug of the merchandise a mat'er of great importance. 

 The Standard weight. Of each package used in the Hudson's 

 Bay Company's service is one- hundred pounds. Such a 

 bale or ca>e is called an " inland piece." Each of the above 

 described boats ia supposed to be- capable of containing 

 seventy-five pi' ees as a fair cargo. The faci i y wiih which 

 such pieces can be bandied by The muscular tripmeu is very 

 perfect, : a boat can be loaded by its crew of nice men to. five 

 minutes, and ihe compact, orderly appearance presented on 

 completion ol Ihe operation is beyond praise. 



The arrangement of the duties of the various grades of men 

 belonging to these brigades is well calculated to suit its pur- 

 pose Ihe. steersman attached to each boat is the captain. 

 Heated on an elevated flooring in the stern of the boat, he 

 steers with the common helm, or, if the situation is critical, 

 with i Ion" and powerful sweep, with one stroke of which an 

 exocrt workman Will effect an entire change in the course of 

 bis boat It is an important duty of the steersman, also, to 

 lift the pieces from their places in the boat, and lay them On 

 the Lacks of the tripmen at the p irtages. The process of 

 raising seventy or seventy -five pieces, each weighing one 

 hundred pounds. Irom a position beneath the feet to a level 

 wi:h tne shoulders, is one riqu.riug a in ui n< ot'nsiq rabl 

 strength lo peiform efficiently aud with expedition, 



Of the eight men composing the crow, one is called the 

 howsinau. '1 he special duty of this person is to stand at tne 

 bow of the vessel at all portion of Ihe route abounding with 

 rupids, Shoals cr sunken rooks, and w. lie advising tha 

 Steersman by voice and sign where such obstructions exist, 

 himself, with the aid of along lud.t pole, to aid the motion of 

 the boat into a safer channel. When not occupied with this 



