MAMMALIA. 35 



inches in circumference at the base. In consequence of their slight curvature, 

 they project eight feet five inches in front of the head. The length of the skull is 

 four feet two inches ; width, twenty-nine inches. The apparent disproportion of 

 the tusks to the size of the skull is truly extraordinary, and exemplifies the maxi- 

 mization of dental development. By this great leverage they must have added 

 to the skull of the living animal a weight of nearly two thousand pounds. The 

 molars present seven or eight ridges, and the valleys between are filled with a 

 large quantity of cement. The original, preserved in the British Museum, was 

 discovered in that classical palseontological ground — the Sewalik Hills of India — in 

 a Miocene deposit, consisting of concretionary grit, conglomerate, sandstone, and 

 loam, and containing lignite, trunks of dicotyledonous trees, and land and fresh- 

 water shells. Price, with mountings, and packed, $80.00. 



No. 129. Elephas bombifrons, Falc, and Cant. 



Skull. From the same locality and Museum as Elephas Oanesa. 



Size, 3 ft. x 1 ft. 10 in. Price, $22.00. 



No. 130. Elephas Hysudricus, Falc. and Caut. 



Skull. This species is an intermediate form between Falconer's subgenera — 

 Loxoclon and Eueleplias. The specimen was found in the Miocene of the Sewalik 

 Hills, India, and is in the British Museum. 



Size, 2 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 2 in. Price, $22.00. 



No. 131. Elephas meridionalis, Nesti. 



Lower Jaw. From Diluvium of the Val d'Arno, Tuscany. The original 

 specimen is in the Museum of the University of Pisa. 



Size, 2 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. 



No. 132. Elephas primigenms, Blum. 



Lower Jaw, young. This is the latest 

 form of true Elephant which lived in a temper- 

 ate latitude, and is the best known of all the 

 fossil species. The range of the animal was 

 apparently between the 40th and 70th par- 

 allels of latitude ; and its remains are found 

 chiefly, if not exclusively, in Pleistocene de- 

 posits. The inhabitants of Siberia call it 

 Mammoth, or subterranean Mole, believing 

 that it lived under ground. It is not a little 

 singular that Darwin found a theory held by 

 the people of the Pampas that the Mastodon 

 was a burrowing animal. The primeval Ele- 

 phant was over twice the weight of the lar- 

 gest living species, and nearly a third taller. 



It had broader grinders, and narrower and more numerous and close-set transverse 

 plates and ridges ; a more parallel position of the right and left sockets of the 

 grinders ; a greater length of the sockets of the tusks ; a larger and more promi- 

 nent tubercle of the lachrymal bone ; and more angular and relatively shorter 

 zygomatic processes. Moreover, the outer contour of one ramus meets that of the 

 other at a more open angle. In the structure of the molars, this species comes 

 nearer the Indian Elephant than the African, the plates being disposed in nearly 

 parallel lines. But the tusks have a bolder and more extensive curvature : some 



