NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JAN. 7, 1875. 



For Forest and Stream. 

 CANADA, FAREWELL. 



CANADA, farewiil! ! 

 Farewell to joy 1 furewell to youth! 

 My gad forebodings show no ruth, 

 My thirsty soul decerns no Well 

 Of promise In my fnmre fell. 

 My native land, farewell ! 



Canada, farewell I 



We part, and I, whom woes betide, 



As Sttdly wander from I by side. 



As if X went my life to sell; 



For fortune's harsh decrees compel 



My native land, farewell 1 



Canada, farewell t 



Farewell, thy streams and t>lassy lakes, 

 Thy Summer's suns and Winter s flakes, 

 Each hill and vale, and grassy dell, 

 One patting glance, I hear my knell. 

 My native Ittnd, farewell I 



Canada, farewell I 



Farewell thy clouds and azure skies, 

 Thy forests, where rare heauty lies, 

 And blooming flowers, loved so well; 

 I'm rem with grief I ne'er can tell. 

 My native laud, farewell I 



Canada, farewell 1 

 I leave thee for a foreign shore, 

 And though I see thee never more, 

 Yet am I forced to break the spell 

 That binds me to thy side so well. 

 My native land, farewell 1 



Canada, farewell 1 



Farewell, bright land I loved with zest, 



tjrlf Alls my heart, and woe my breast ; 



The saddest thoughts my bosom swell. 



Canadian borders, fare the well 1 



My native lund, farewelll 



Rob. Bertram. 



Across jUcw/fotindlatul. 



INTERIOR EXPLORATIONS-FLORA, 

 FAUNA, AND GEOLOGICAL FORMA- 

 TION. i 



[Continued from December Sist] 



CHAPTER II; 



SEPTEMBER lOtli .—From the first wo had now and 

 then crossed over marshes .and open rocky 'spots in the 

 forest. As we advanced those latter became more frequent. 

 The change of sylvian scenery as we passed from one to 

 another was enlivening and interesting, and afforded the 

 luxury of ti breeze that freed us from the host of blood- 

 thirsty Bles. 



Early in Hie day, the ground descending, we came unex- 

 pectedly to a rivulet about seventy yards wide, running 

 rapidly over a rocky bed to the Northeast, which we forded. 

 The bed and shelving banks are formed of granite mica and 

 transition clay slate rocks. Some of the latter inclined to 

 serpentine, greenstone, red sandstone of the coal formation, 

 sand, and beds of fine yellow clay. The water was in some 

 parts brought into a very narrow compass by the rocks pro- 

 jecting from the sides. Large birch and spruce trees over- 

 hung the banks, and rendered the scenery pretty. It 

 abounded with tine trout, some of which we caught. The 

 sand was everywhere marked with tracks of deer. The 

 routing of a cataract of some magnitude was heard in the 

 adrtueaSt. Prom the position and course of this stream, 

 we inferred that it was a brunch of the river which runs 

 into Clode Sound into Bqnliviato Bay; and my Indian sup- 

 posed, from His recollections of the reports of the Indians 

 concerning Clode Bound River, that canoes could be brought 

 up from the sea coast to near where we were. 



Leaving this rivulet, the land has a considerable rise for 

 several miles. The features of the country thenassume an 

 air of expanse and importance different from heretofore, 

 The trees become larger and stand apart; and we entered 

 ppon spacious tracks of rocky ground entirely clear of wood. 



Everything indicated our approach to the verge of a coun- 

 try different from the p.ist. 



We soon found that we were on a great granitic ridge, 

 covered not as the lower grounds are with crowded pines, 

 and green moss, but with scattered trees, and a variety of 

 beautiful lichens or reindeer moss, partridge berries, Vac- 

 cinuin bunfolicitm, and whortleberries, loaded the ground. 

 The XytorteumviUcmiim, a pretty erect shrub, was in full 

 fruit by the sides of the rocks; grouse, (Tetvao alius,) the 

 indigenous game bird of the country, rose in coveys in 

 every direction, and snipes from every marsh. The birds 

 of passage, ducks and geese, were flying over us to and fro 

 from their breeding places in the interior, and the sea coast; 

 tracks of deer, of wolves fearfully large, of bears, foxes, 

 and martens, were seen everywhere. 



On looking back towards the sea coast, the scene was 

 magnificent. We discovered that under the cover of the 

 forest, we had been uniformly ascending ever since we left 

 the salt water at Random Bar, and then soon arrived at the 

 summit of what we saw to be a great mountain ridge that 

 seems to serve as a barrier between the sea and the interior. 

 The black dense forest through which we had pilgrimaged 

 presented a novel picture, appearing spotted with bright 

 yellow marshes and a few glossy lakes in its bosom, some 

 of which we had passed close by without seeing them. 



In the westward, to our inexpressible delight, the interior 

 broke in sublimity before us. What a contrast did this 

 present to the conjectures entertained of Newfoundland ! 

 The hitherto mysterious interior lay unfolded below us, a 

 boundless scene, emerald surface; a vast basin. The eye 

 strides again and again over a succession of northerly and 

 southerly ranges of green plains — marbled with woods and 

 lakes of every form and extent, a picture of all the luxu- 

 rious scenes of natural cultivation, receding into invisible- 

 ness. The imagination hovers in the distance, and clings 

 involuntarily to the undulating horizon of vapor, far into 

 the west until it is lost. A new world seemed to invite us 

 onward, or rather, we claimed the dominion, and were im- 

 patient to proceed to take possession. 



It was mani footed on every hand that this was the season 

 of the year when the earth here offers her stores of produc- 

 tions; land berries were ripening, game birds were Hedging, 

 and beasts were emerging to prey upon each other. Every- 

 thing animate or inanimate seemed to be our own. We 

 consumed unsparingly our remaining provisions, confident 

 that henceforward with our personal powers, which felt in- 

 creased by the nature of the objects that presented them- 

 selves, aided by what now seemed by contrast — the admi- 

 rable power of our fire-arms, the destruction of one creature 

 would afford us nourishment and vigor for the destruction 

 of others. There was no will but ours. Thoughts of the 

 aborigines did not alter our determination to meet them, as 

 well as everything living — tbat might present itself in a 

 country yet untrodden, and before unseen by civilized man. 

 I now adopted as well for self-preservation as for the sake 

 of accomplishing the object of my excursion, the self-de- 

 pendent mode of life of the Indian both in spirit and 

 action. 



To look around before we advance. The great exterior 

 features of the eastern portion of the main body of the is- 

 land are seen from these commanding heights. Overland 

 communication between the bays of the east, north and 

 south coasts, it appears might be easily established. The. 

 chief obstacles to overcome, as far as regards the mere way, 

 seem to lie in crossing the mountain belt — of twenty or 

 forty miles wide on which we stood, in order to reach the 

 open low interior. The nucleus of this belt is exhibited in 

 the form of a semi circular chain of insulated paps, ami 

 round-backed granitic hills, generally lying northeast and 

 southwest of each other in the rear of Bonavista, Trinity, 

 Placentia, and Fortune Bays. To the southward of us iu 

 the direction of Piper's Hole, in Placentia Bay, one of these 

 conical hills, very conspicuous, I named Mount Clarence, 

 in honor of His Royal Highness, who, when in the uavy, 

 had been in Placentia Bay. Our view extended more than 

 forty miles iu all directions. No high land, it has been 

 already noticed, bounded the low interior in the west. 



Si'ptember lie//.— We descended into the bosom of the in- 

 terior. The plains which shone so brilliantly are steppes or sa- 

 vannas, composed of fine black compact peat mould, formed 

 by the growth and decay of mosses, principally the Sphag- 

 mini capiUifilivm, and covered uniformly with their wiry 

 grass, the Euphrana officinale*, being in some places inter- 

 mixed, They are in the form of extensive gently undulat- 

 ing beds stretching northward and southward, witli run- 

 ning waters aud lakes, skirted with woods, lying between 

 them. Their yellow green surfaces are sometimes uninter- 

 rupted by either tree, shrub, rock, or any inequality, for 

 more than ten miles. They are chequered everywhere 

 upon the surface by deep beaten deer paths, and are in 

 reality magnificent natural deer parks, adorned by woods 

 and water. The trees here sometimes grow to a consider- 

 able size, particularly the larch; birch is also common. 

 The deer herd upon them to graze. It is impossible to 

 describe the grandeur and richness of the scenery; and 

 which will probably remain long undefaccd by the hand of 

 man. 



Our progress over the savanna country was attended with 

 great labor, and consequently slow, being only at the rato 

 of five to seven miles a day to the westward, while the 

 distance walked was equivalent to three or four times as 

 much. Always inclining our course to the westward, we 

 traversed in every direction, partly from choice, in order 

 to view and examine the country, and partly from the 

 necessity to get round the extremities of lakes and wood3, 

 and to look for game for subsistence. 



It was impossible to ascertain the depths of tbese savan- 

 nas, but judging from the great expanse of the undulations, 

 and the total absence of inequalities on the surfaces, it 

 must often be many fathoms. Portions of some of the 

 marshes, from some cause under the surface, are broken 

 up and sunk below the level, forming gullies and pools. 

 The peat is there exposed sometimes to a depth of ten feit 

 and more without any rock or soil underneath; and the 

 process of its formation is distinctly exhibited from the 

 dying and dead roots of the green -surface moss descending 

 lineally into gradual decay, until perfected into a fine black 

 compact peat, in which the original organic structure of the 

 parent is lost. The savanna peat immediately under the 

 roots of the grass on the surface is very similar to the 

 perfected peat of the marshes. The savannas are continu- 

 ally moist or wet on the surface, even in the middle of 

 Summer, but hard underneath. Roots of trees, apparently 

 where they grew, are to be found by digging the surfaces 

 of some of them, and probably of all. From what was 

 seen of their edges at the water courses they lie on the 

 solid rock, without the intervention of any soil. Thcrocks 

 exhibited were transition clay slate, mica slate, and 

 granitic. 



One of the most striking features of the interior is the 

 innumerable deer paths on the savannas. They are nar- 

 row and take directions as various as the winds, giving the 

 whole country a checquered appearance. Of the millions 

 of acres here, there is no one spot exceeding a few super. 

 ficial yards that is not bounded on all sides by deer paths. 

 We, however, met some small herds only of these animal* 5 , 

 the savannas aud plains being in the Summer season de- 

 serted by them for the mountains in the west part of the 

 island. The Newfoundland deer, and there is onlv one 

 species in Ihe island, a variety of the reindeer, drcut 

 taruntttix, or cariboo; and, like that animal iu every other 

 country, it is migratory, always changing place with the 

 seasons for sake of its favorite kinds of food. Although 

 they migrate in herds, they travel in files, with their heads 

 iu some degree to wiudward, in Older I lint they may, bV 

 the scent, discover their enemies, the wolves; Iheir sense's 

 of smelling and hearing are very acute, hut they do not 

 trust much to their sight. This is the reason of their paths 

 taking so many directions in straight lines; they become in 

 consequence an easy prey to the hunter by stratagem. Tl e 

 paths tend from park to park through the intervening 

 woods, in Hues as established aud deep beaten aj cattle puihs 

 on an old grazing farm. 



Owing to the great abundance of the birch tree, (Betata 



