Blake — A Revision of the Genus Viguiera 31 
in Gymnolomia, however, it is almost always glabrous and more or 
less striatulate. In some species, particularly of the sect. Diplo- 
stichis, there is a prominent crustaceous basal margin or carpopod ! 
to the achene, although this never reaches sufficient dimensions to 
be called a foot. Variations in the achenes are very slight in most 
cases, however, and of no more than specific importance. As is 
usual, the pappus presents characters of much greater significance 
and value than the achenes. 
In the great majority of species a pappus is present, consisting 
normally of two slender awns at the angles of the achene and 
several (2-6) short usually distinct rounded and denticulate or 
lacerate squamellae on each side between them, the whole being 
very persistent. Frequently the squamellae of each side are united 
at base, and in some species of nearly all the groups this connation 
may extend to the middle or nearly to the apex of the squamellae; 
but in such cases there is never formed the distinct corona of 
proximally fused scales with more or less contracted base found in 
such genera as Zexmenia and Oyedaea. In one species (V. flava var. 
papposa) the awns are sometimes as many as six, some of the 
squamellae being produced into awns quite like those of the angles 
of the achene. In about twenty species (formerly included in 
Gymnolomia) the pappus is always lacking, the lack of pappus 
being almost invariably accompanied by the loss of hairs on the 
body of the achene. In three species of the subg. Amphilepis the 
pappus may be either present or absent. 
In only one group is there a distinct departure from the typical 
pappus above described. In the subg. Yerbalesia the awns are 
broadened and membranous-scarious, and about equal the squa- 
mellae, which are united on each side of the achene into a many- 
nerved membranous scale. Were it not for the intermediate 
character of the pappus in V. nudicaulis and V. macrorhiza, the 
subg. Yerbalesia might well claim generic rank. 
V. Economic Uses anp Locat Names 
Like most other genera of the Heliantheae, the genus Viguiera is 
of very slight economic importance. The few uses which I have 
1 This term, introduced by Beauverd in — (Bull. Soc. Bot pet Conbre cee: 2. 
iv. 15) in the French form form — to bea a t designation 
fora structure, usually obscure, Wh in (echoseden cn a few other groups 
of 
