AREA OF STABILITY 47 



negative evidence had to be resorted to. With no dead barnacles, no dis- 

 cordant beach or bench, no encroachment of sand on vegetation, it was 

 assumed that the stand of the land had been maintained. For most of 

 the area this assumption is undoubtedly correct ; because the lack of evi- 

 dence of change is characteristic of certain coasts, notably on the foreland, 

 in a part of Russell fiord, and in Nunatak fiord. 



The latter case may be taken as typical of those places where negative 

 evidence suggests no change of level, though there may have been a very 

 slight uplift. For a mile from the glacier, along shores from which the 

 ice has retreated since the earthquake (proved by a comparison of photo- 

 graphs taken in 1899 and 1905), there is no rock bench at all and little 

 marine life. For the next mile and a half there are no dead barnacles or 

 other marine animals, though there are many living barnacles between 

 tides; but the higher growing seaweeds were bleached or crisped as if by 

 a drought. This was seen nowhere else in the bay. It is probable that 

 they would be revived by the next spring tide. For the succeeding 2 or 3 

 miles there is a rock bench a trifle too high for present wave work, but 

 possibly formed by iceberg waves when the glacier front was nearer. A 

 few dead barnacles were found, but none that we could be certain were 

 above the level of neighboring live ones. Along this coast we were not 

 certain whether there had been no change at all or a slight uplift ; but we 

 were convinced that the uplift, if any, did not exceed a foot. 



With the facts observed and the instruments at our disposal we could 

 not make more definite determinations in such places. Consequently we 

 wish it to be understood that on many of the coasts where no quantitative 

 statement of uplift or depression is given we do not mean to assert that 

 there has been absolutely no change, but merely that we could find no 

 conclusive proof of such change. Where the evidence suggests the prob- 

 ability of a slight uplift or depression, the plus (+) or minus ( — ) 

 sign, with a query ( ?), is placed on the map (plate 23). 



Effects of the Earthquake 

 in general 

 Besides the results of the earthquake mentioned in the opening section 

 of this paper, there are some effects still visible along the fiord which call 

 for a word of description. They are of two classes : ( 1 ) abundant ava- 

 lanches; (2) wave-swept areas. 



EARTHQUAKE AVALANCHES 



As in other mountain regions, avalanche effects are visible in many parts 

 of the mountains surrounding this fiord; but they are locally far more 



