LAVA ERUPTIONS FROM LOWER LEVELS 495 



of ash. Some of the recent exposures show a beautifully smooth pahoe- 

 hoe, which when protected by an earthy covering really recall, by their 

 freshness and smoothness, glaciated surfaces in more northern climes. 

 Mr Mann, one of the lunas at Hilea, told me he had seen five different 

 lava flows belonging to this later period to the east of Pahala. They have 

 a thickness of 28 feet. This is in the vicinity of the mud flow of 1868. 



Thirdly, extensive aa flows, which have originated in the depressed 

 area of Mohokea east of Puu Enuhe. 



The fourth eruption is aa from between Puu Enuhe and Makawao. 



The fifth eruption is made up of at least three aa flows and the later 

 pahoehoe between Hilea and Hanuapo. 



In the sixth area there are some undetermined factors. Undoubtedly 

 there were discharges on the Kahuku promontory between Honuapo and 

 the 1868 flow, but we are sure of those of 1868 and 1887, which have 

 been fully described. Farther north I observed from the steamer half a 

 dozen of these short flows, of very modern aspect, before reaching Cape 

 Honumalo. Here commences the steeper slopes of the Kona district for 

 a distance of 60 miles. Much of the way the 1,000-foot contour is only 

 a mile back from the shore, and it rises nearly as rapidly to 3,000 and 

 4,000 feet. I observed fresh black lava flows at Hoopaloa, Naupoopoo, 

 and Kailua. It was dark as I sailed from Hoopaloa to Naupoopoo, so it 

 was not possible to say what number of flows might exist between those 

 two localities. Most of this bluff belonged to the sheets originating from 

 Mauna Loa. 



Hualalej 



After reaching the Hualalei district the land slopes more gradually 

 to the sea, and the finest of all our illustrations of the low level eruptions 

 is the only eruption from Hualalei of which we have an historic record. 

 It started from the level of 1,800 feet and flowed to the sea in 1801, 

 spreading out very much laterally. The distance between the extreme 

 points on the shore exceeds the length of the flow. Three other very dis- 

 tinct earlier but prehistoric flows are delineated on the north side of 

 Hualalei, starting from points 3,700 to 6,000 feet above the sealevel. 

 As Hualalei reaches only to 8,269 feet, at least the highest of these flows 

 may belong to the other variety of discharges. 



Hualalei was visited by Menzies, the botanist, in 1794, as stated in the 

 narrative of the voyage of Vancouver. The same gentleman made the 

 attempt to climb Mauna Loa, but for some unknown reason the historian 

 has not had this later report of Menzies printed. There is an excellent 



