648 R. PUMPELLY EVOLUTION OF OASES AND CIVILIZATIONS 



painted on certain classes of vessels. They had the art of spinning; 

 and they baked, in bottomless bake-oven pots, bread made from material 

 ground on mealing stones. They made knives flaked from flint, but 

 they had no axes, spear heads, nor arrow points of stone, nor yet arti- 

 ficially formed sling-stones. They were hunters, and such weapons as 

 they used must doubtless have been spears or arrows with points hardened 

 in fire or tipped with bone. 



In view of the importance that attaches to the question of the origin 

 of our domesticated animals, I collected systematically, foot by foot from 

 the bottom, all the bones of animals found in the older two cultures — 

 that is, in the whole height of the north kurgan — and submitted nearly 

 half a ton of these to Doctor Duerst, comparative anatomist and arche- 

 ological osteologist at Zurich. He finds that during the growth of the. 

 lowest 8 or 10 feet of the kurgan the inhabitants knew only wild animals, 

 and that out of these they domesticated the ox and the sheep, of which 

 latter animal they in the course of many centuries established suc- 

 cessively three breeds. He was able to trace the progressive changes in 

 texture of bone substance and in the character of horns during the many 

 centuries of progressive domestication. They appear to have domes- 

 ticated the horse, too, but they imported an already domesticated pig 

 and goat from Persia. 



I will add that of these Doctor Duerst identifies assuredly one of the 

 breeds of sheep and the pig with the domestic "turbary pig" and "tur- 

 bary sheep" of prehistoric Europe, where the earliest remains of these 

 animals found in the pile dwellings and other sites show that they arrived 

 there already domesticated. 



This is, therefore, the first discovery of the origin of domestication, 

 and of the region from which the world derived the greater number of 

 its useful animals. 



This people was suddenly supplanted by a new one, with an entirely 

 different pottery, still hand-made, but more developed, and with a dif- 

 ferent stock of painted ornamental geometric designs. 



They had also the art of spinning, and all the indications are that 

 they made their bread in the same way as their predecessors, and used 

 flint knives. With them there appears the camel, probably the Bactrian 

 two-humped variety, and a limited use of pure copper. While they made 

 knives of flint, they, too, had neither axes nor spear or arrow points of 

 stone or metal. 



No succeeding civilization occupied this kurgan. The next arrivals 

 started the neighboring settlement, which became the south kurgan, 



