1838.J a Turkish work on Navigation, 769 



west. The south is in Asia minor and Roomeli generally called the 

 Kibla. The master of the Indian seas calls it Kutb-i-Soheil, that is 

 to say, the pole of Canopus. The rising of Solbar or Solibdr* (which 

 seems to be al-Phard) S. by E. ; the setting point of it S. by W. The 

 rising point of the two asses (7 and 8 in Cancer :) S, E. by S., the setting 

 point of it S. W. by S. The rising point of the scorpion S. E.; the setting 

 point of it S. W. The rising point of the crown S. E. by E ; the setting 

 point S. W. by W. The rising of Arcitenens E. S. E.; the setting 

 point of it W. S. W. The rising point of the twins E. by S.; the setting 

 point of it W. by S. These are the names of the thirty-two khans 

 (points of the compass). The middle point of two khans is called the 

 half of a khan, and the middle point of this is called the quarter of a 

 khan. The word karta t3S is but a corruption of the word ^j \jj 



quarto which in the language of the Francs signifies the fourth part. 

 The denominations of the khans after the rising and setting of the 

 above named stars, belongs to the Indian seas and the denomination 

 is only approximative and metaphorical, and not real. The division 

 is taken from the compass, which in Turkey is known by the name 

 of Pussolaf . The above mentioned names are not used in the 

 white and black sea, where Ursa major and minor are continually 

 in sight, but where Canopus, Salibdr and the Aselli are not seen rising 

 and setting ; the names used in the Turkish seas agree with the points 

 of the horizon, independent of the rising and setting of stars ; this way 

 is by far the more easy, because there are only eight names of winds, 

 the middle and quarters of them, which makes ten words fifteen rising 

 points (the setting points not counted :) the northern pole and the 

 south pole, altogether seventeen names which it is easy to retain. It 

 is by far more easy to say east by north or west by north, than to 

 retain in memory the rising and setting points of the pleiades. 



The Third Section explains the Isbd, £*<wl > and the middle of 

 the Khans. 



The circumference of the circle (globe) is of 360 degrees, each degree 

 . 66f miles, the whole circumference 24,000 miles ; each degree has 22§ 



* Solbdr not Salibdr is the true vocalisation. [The navigators call it Sa- 

 libdr.— -Ed.] 



t From the Italian or Portuguese Bussola, which the late 3V([. Klaproth does 

 not allow to be derived either from Bossola, a box, or the old English Boxel, but 

 rather from the Arabic &!Luy* pronounced Moussala, the point, or pointer. 

 The present example however in which the word is written with a p rather 

 proves that both the Arabic terms Pussola and Moussala are corruptions of 

 Bussola. — Ed. 



5 d 2 



