1838.] Jains of the Chettupat division. 109 



ful to his teacher, to his family, and to his religion ; he is self-restrained 

 and keeps silence, and zealously renounces the use of all pleasant vege- 

 tables. 3. Sdmdthiken, is one, who with the foregoing qualifications, 

 renders homage to the Divine Being three times a day, morning, noon, 

 and evening. 4. Proshopavdsen, one who fasts on certain days, so 

 appointed to be observed. 5. Sachitan-vritheti, one who with the 

 foregoing dispositions renounces certain kinds of food. 6. Rdttiribakh- 

 ten, one who observes mortification during the day only. 7. Bramah- 

 mdchdrya, one always occupied in contemplation of God. 8. Anaram- 

 pan, one who quits cultivation, and all other secular occupations. 9. 

 Aparigrahan, one who renounces all kinds of earthly gain. 10. Anu- 

 mati-pinda-vrithen, one who forbears to eat even that which he had 

 prepared. 11. Utishta-pinda-vrithen, one who relinquishes dress, except 

 for mere decency ; he carries a pot, and lives in the wilderness. 

 B. The Purva-carmam and Apara-carmam. 



a. The Purva-carmam is of 16 kinds ; and relates to ceremonies pre- 

 ceding birth, attendant on it, or consequent thereto ; with any particular- 

 ceremonies attendant on special occasions, during life. 



b. The Apara-carmam is of 12 kinds, and relates to ceremonies 

 consequent on death ; the first being burning the body, and the others 

 different rites appropriated to following days. The names only are 

 given, without any explanation of the various ceremonies. 



Note. Section 4, A is in the Granthd-Sanskrit character, with a little 

 Jaina-Tamil, towards the close. B is Jaina-Tumil. Though not very 

 legible yet the restoration has been effected, this section may have its 

 use. 



Remark. In the Srdvana Dherma particularly, some resemblance 

 appears to some peculiar and known tenents of the Pythagorean philo- 

 sophy. Pythagoras is considered to have learned his system from the 

 gymnosophists of India, usually confounded with the Brachmanes. But 

 the Sanskrit term answering to gymnosophist is Digambara, usually 

 understood to have belonged especially to the ancient votaries of Bud- 

 dha, and from it the brahmans of the south coined the corrupt term 

 Samandr, to denote the shameless sect of the Bauddhas or Jainas. 

 I think that the tenets taught by Pythagoras were those of the 

 Indian Digambaras, or primitive Bauddhists ; and throw out the 

 conjecture as perhaps meriting attention. 



Section 5. — Representation of the Jainas of the Chettupat district. 

 A petition to Colonel Mackenzie, Surveyor General. 

 The Jaind system was established in the Peninsula from very early 

 Q 



