146 Notice of the different systems of Buddhism, SfC. [Feb. 



nothing is existing by itself, neither can be said that it will continue 

 always, or cease absolutely ; but that every thing exists by a dependent 

 or causal connection or concatenation. 



With respect to practice, those of vulgar capacity are content with the 

 exercise of the ten virtues. Those of a middle degree, besides the 

 fulfilling of the ten virtues, endeavour to excel in morality, meditation, 

 and ingenuity or wisdom. Those of the highest capacities besides the 

 former will perfectly exercise the six transcendal virtues. 



With respect to their summum bonum. > 



The first seeing the miseries of those suffering in the bad places of 

 transmigration ; as, in hell, Yiddks, and beasts, wish to be born among 

 men, the asur? and the gods. 



Those of the second class, not contented with the happiness of the 

 former, wish for themselves only to be delivered entirely from pain and 

 bodily existence. Lastly ; these regarding as pain, every bodily exis- 

 tence, in whatever region of the world it be, aspire to final emancipation, 

 and wish to arrive at the supreme perfection, that they may become able 

 to help others in their miseries. 



Such distinction in speculative Buddhism, as that of the Swabhdvika, 

 Aishwarika, Karniika, and Ydtnika does not exist in Tibetan books 

 (except, perhaps, among the Nyigma-pa sect, who are said to possess yet 

 several volumes that have not been printed in the Kah-gyur and Stan-gyur 

 collections, but which may be found in Tibet both written and printed, 

 among the people of that sect), although there are many works in the 

 Stan-gyur containing materials on the several doctrines or tenets of those 

 philosophical schools. 



The ancient philosophical sects in India mentioned frequently, and 

 partly described in the Tibetan books, especially in the Stan-gyur volumes 

 are as follows : 



1. Grangs-chen-pa (sjt^'-jaj sj — Sdnkhya in Sanskrit). The Bud- 

 dhists have adopted much of this school. In the ^ and ^ volumes of the 

 Do class in the Stan-gyur, there is an account of the six schools (and 

 of others also) in ancient India. 



2. Che-prag-pa (g^fipsj — S. Vaisheshika). 



3. Rig-chet-pa (x^l'SV^I — ^' Vedantika), 



4. Shot-pa-pa Osgfv*J T; J T — $■ Mim&nsaka). 



5. Jigten-gyang-phen-pa (QF^'i^'S^'Q^i'^ — ^. Lokayata). 



6. Those that take Vang-chuk (v^'g *|— S. Ishtvara) for the first 

 principle. 



