Arr.u, 21, 1881.] 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



233 



they rise more 

 or thrco or mot 



ofi.cn froi 



ii the deptl 



iale fish kc 



swims more b\ 

 dote to the 

 " streicln-n"—Y 

 than in witidy 



iftiv on 



SFill 



males to ouo female i 

 This is the moment fi 

 mediately are iinprrgii 

 {.waled Beyerai tinies, t 

 600 eggs at a time, in <: 

 quire days and weeks ): 

 The eggs of thecal 

 the 8alitionid,(s tin 



- eaergetica 



!v, and 



lr short, trt 



nmlflua 



is oftno o 



r Uuoe 



lost compar 

 he eggs, w 



t mass, 

 liell inn 



solid 



latter lying loosely 

 slatt the body of Wt 



on the reverse Miles of the lei 

 stem?, tlio I'hALnniirium and (' 

 ot them I discovered on the Ft 

 men is known generally by the 

 row, long, strap-shaped' tbiu lea 



which :■■ 



atd 



u-fai 



ltd 



the 



Its 



id softlv 



in the water afford to the 

 sit it- eggs upon its tendei 

 vcellent food for the ear)). 

 ion to be acted upon iu the 



fish the songht-for opportunity to d, 

 leaves. Tin; seeds of this grass art a 

 This may be regarded as a useful ind: 

 construction ol ponds. 



The eggb will develop themselves quickly, if assisted by warm 

 weather. As early as the tifth or sixth day the first traces of 

 dusky spots, the eyes, will be visihle, and toward the twelfth, or 

 at the latest the sixteenth, day the little embryo fish will break 

 through its envelope. This rapid development takes place only iu 

 shallow, thoroughly-wormed ponds, or in such as were expressly 

 constructed for hatching, and Called breeding ponds. If these 

 ponds are deep, and consequently their water is colder, the batch/ 

 ing process mnv require as manv us twontv days. Iu from three 

 to five days the young fish has absorbed the yolks, and punka Us 

 food. If the breeding-pond be productive enough to furnish the 

 necessary food for so many young Babes these will grow very 

 rapidly. I shall return to this snbjSflt hereafter. 



I remarked above that the car]) prefers stagnant or slowly-run- 

 ning water with a muddy bottom, and that it fives upon vegetable 

 as w ell as animal food, aquatic plants, seeds, worms and larva- of 

 water insects ; it is therefore no fish of prey. It does not attack 

 other fishes, and has no teeth iu its mouth, but only iu the throat. 

 and is, on account of its harmtesanesff, an excellent fish for the. 

 culturist, as well as for stocking large lakes and risers la general. 



Its growth differs, according ail tho fish inhabits cold or warm 

 water, a river, lake, or poud, finding plentiful food therein, or being 

 fed. An additional factor is the quality of the soil, whether 

 nuuldv or stony. Iu cold water, or such as has A stony ground, tho 

 carp will not progress favorably. For this reason, the statements 

 concerning its norma] sise, attained to in a certain given time, 

 differ widely. Very 'naturally it. will exercise an extremely great 

 influence upon the'thriving of the fishes, whether the pond con- 

 tains a great number or only a few of them ; whether it is over- 

 stocked, as culturists term it, or whether there are only a. propor- 

 tionate number of fishes in it, according to its capability of pro- 

 ducing food. Other considerations remain to be mentioned - 

 namely, is the pond provided with supplies from brooks fulling 

 into it,' or are the fishes to be fed V Tho latter course is almost in- 

 dispensable in the culture of trout The expenses incurred in this 

 ease dimmish the income of the culturist ; if not resorted to the 

 result will be the same, as the value of the fish will be smaller 

 This feediug is needless with the carp, if it be cultivated judiciously 

 in suitable ponds, and for this reason alone the culture of the carp 

 is preferable to that of the trout. 



In rivers and lakes it grows larger, although She same fish ; for 

 the reason, probably, that in a larger space, which at the same 

 time yields more sheltered ret/ eats, it escapes from the pursuit of 

 man more easily than in regular, artificial ponde, and finds more 

 plentiful supplies of food. The question of the Bpecies, or I 

 would rather say the race, is of great moment, particularly in re- 

 spect, to carp-culture in ponds. 



A favorable result may be expected from the culture of this 

 fish wherever the necessary water is to be found, be it in the 

 north or south, and that, toe, as well in ponds as in open lakes and 



The normal weight which a carp may attain to in three years, 

 whether it be scale-carp, mirror-carp or leather-carp, is an average 

 of from 3 to ".^pounds; that is, a fish which has lived two summers, 

 consequent!} i-i bVniouths old, wili uoigh t!'"-j to 3-j. pounds the 

 year following. Tho growth may turn out lobe even more favora- 

 ble iu a warm year, or if only a few fishes have been placed in a 

 poud. as wo shall see further on. in the chapter treating of pomi- 

 culture and the operations of the oolturist. 



Carps may roaou a v ery advanced age, as specimens are to he 

 found in Austria over 14D years old. 



The increase in length only Contraries up to a certain age, but its 

 circumference will increase tip to its 35lh year. 



I have seen some common carp in the southern parts of Europe 

 —in the lowlands of Hungary, Sorvia. Croatia. Wallaehia, as also 

 in Moldavia and tho Buekowiua— which weighed from 30 to 40 

 pounds and more, measuring nearly Sjj feet in length by $?.{ feet 



Old men, « hose, credibility and til 

 assured me and gave the most deta 

 this species of lis!) in fointer year 

 50 to BO pounds, and which they ha 

 Crimean war, in 1853, I 



itbe 



uld not be doubled, 

 :sof the capture ol 



ich weighed from 



selves. liming the 



stationed at Wul- 



din, on the Danube, in Turkey, killed a carp by a bullot-skot, 

 distance below the city ; this fish w eighed 137 pounds. I had some 

 of its scales in my possession, of which each had a diameter of 

 21 inches. Their structure indicated to a certainty that the age of 

 this fish could bo no more than 24 years at the most. It is a. well- 

 known fact t hat two ! urge carps, w eig long from 12 I o 55 pouuds, were 

 taken several years aeo on one of the Grand Duke of Oldenburg's 

 domain in Northern Germany. They had been kept ill some par- 

 ticularly favorable « titer, productive of plentiful food, and bad 

 been used as breeding fishes. These two specimens might, from 

 their size, be calculated to he comparatively very aged fishes ; it 

 was proved that they were only fifteen years old. " If we may credit 

 tho chronicles kept centuries ago by old. families, and especially by 

 the monks, w ho had taken possession of all the best localities along 

 the banks of tho beautiful Danube, then still greater giants had 

 been caught, and that in tho waters of the Danube itself. A 

 chronicle of the monastery of Molk, in Austria, refers to a carp 

 weighing 78 pounds, which had been captured on Ascension Day 

 iu 1520. Another ucord speaks of a carp which had been takeii 

 iu the third docennium of the pr, sent century iu tho lake of Zug, 

 in Switzerland, and which weighed 00 pounds. These giants are 

 certainly only wondeiful exceptions, but still these tacts are en- 

 couraging illustrations that it. is possible for such large specimens 

 to grow up in favorable water. All the countries, where these 

 large fishes have been found and which are situated between the 

 Black, the North, and the Baltic seas, are pretty nearly such as 

 have a late spring and a. long, cold winter. Near Widdia the 

 Danube has been frozen repeatedly. Tint e the carp passes from five 

 to seven mouths in its wi-ilci sleep, during which it does not grow. 

 If this fish tluives so well in tho countries which have such ft very 

 cold wiutcr (on an average Ihoy have the same winter teiuporaturo 

 as Boston, Chicago, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, New 

 York, Baltimore and St. Louis), where tho rivers have not enough 

 food for these fishes by far, their level being regulated by dams, 



a subject, of constant complaint of the fishermen, how 

 - CO .Id they thrive in the waters of this country, will 



t i iehos of food ? But. if \ve take into account the river, 

 I oath tod southwest of the United (States, what sue 



.ot be expected for tlds fish iu those regions :■ 



irp finds food in snperllu 



the 



J die- 



Mi 



to three and one-half pounds in one -.car and six 

 mouths : but this is only a normal one, the food consumed being 

 of an average amount. If the fish obtain food very plentifully it 

 B ill grow more rapidly. In thia case, again, it ia to he considered 

 that the waters of lire milder climates of tie., country possess this 

 dvautage— scarcely to be judged of or estimated at its proper 

 aine as vet— that tue fish maybe able, during three-quarters of 

 the year, or even the whole year round, b> take food, and will omit 

 the lethargic winter sleep conditioned by the cold winter. There 

 is scarcely a comparison to bo made so far as tho carp are con- 

 cerned between the rivers of this country, so richly supplied with 

 food, which it will not be compelled to seek for under a constant 

 strife for existence, and those of the much poorer waters of the 

 Rhine. Elbe. Rhone, etc. In the waters of its native country, iu 

 Central Europe, after its first wakening from the long wintersleep. 

 it seeks most dihgoulh alter the contents of the seeds of the 

 VtH&or MfUW and MympHea alba, tho yellow and white watcr- 

 lilv, the J'lfitauiiriium a^ualinim, Fotuca llaUcms, etc. The 

 waters of the United States abound in all these plants and numer- 

 ous others, the seeds of which will sen e the fish 09 food ; for in- 

 stance, the wild rice iZhania wjunlita and Z. tluitanx) , the well- 

 known Tuscarora rice or " water oats" with its great riches of 

 seeds, and many others, which will yield food profusely and which 

 European waters do not. possess, thus giving a great advantage to 

 the American earp-culturitt. And then there is the culture of lish 

 iu ponds. There are culturists in Central Europe who. wishing to 

 see the fish grow more rapidly, take the trouble to feed them with 

 soaked barley, which they occasionally throw out in different 

 places, and by so doing they have had a" very full success, the fish 

 growing larger, that is, more quickly, than whin not thus fed. By 

 troduciuglheahove-namtdwnd or natural water plants iu carp- 

 ponds they will be perpetuated, and the. grains which have fallen 

 to the bottom of the water will form an ample article, of food for 

 the first spring days, if we do not prefer to give them the almost 

 worthless offal of the slaughter-houses. I do not advocate the 

 so-called artificial feeding of this fish where the ponds themselves 

 yield food in ample, abundance, a consummation toward which 

 'the tuscarora rice, will largely contribute. 



Let us once more consider the fact of its extraordinary increase 

 of weight of about 110 per centum iu tho exceedingly short space 

 of four months, for during the eold winter lime, when ice thickly 

 covers rivers and lakes, nature banishes it. into its temporary tomb, 

 which it chooses and digs for itself, to hold its winter, sleep in. 

 This fish needs fifteen or eighteen moid hs of growth to gain, ac- 

 cording to a low estimation, the weight of three pounds without 

 being fed. But inucli more satisfactory results ore frequently ar- 

 rived at when favorable cirenmstaucoa combine, and it will reach a 

 greater weight. There are. some cullrtrists whooblaiu -; L ti : , ecu 

 space of time fishes of four pounds weight; ofcourst they K&CSB 

 warmly situated ponds, which thaw very early iu soring, and per- 

 haps they assist nature iu some degree by feeding the fishes. I 

 have done so myself iu two successive years which w r- e, el e- 

 ally warm, when I fed the fishes with the all 



i-.fu 



They 



edv 



iieiitioned weight in tin 



This fifteen to eighteen months of tl 

 transpires during a period of three years ai 

 veiling months of winter sleep are to be us 

 growth is interrupted. 



1 will not recur to what this fish pn 

 milder regions of tho South, wheio neit 

 cold temperatures force upon it the letha 

 or, may be, the whole year, including Hi 



of time. 



6 actual time of growth 

 d six mouths, as iuter- 

 ilitded during which the 



nniscs to become Hi the 

 her ice-bound water nor 

 rgv of the winter sleep. 

 tho most 



d rapid development, not as in Europe, the sparing!, 

 allotted font- or five months. 



rt is not to be doubted that tho carp will arrive at the weight of 

 from 2 3 , to 4 pounds in one year in those warm climates, when in 

 colder regions it, requires two years and six months. I do not 

 think that I am mistaken in this"; I am ready to stand by this as- 

 sertion, which the future will surely verify. 



I believe I have said all that is most desirable for the cnltiiriat to 

 know concerning the carp and its natural history, and I will now 

 treat briefly of its culture in ponds, ri-.ers and 'lakes, as also tho 

 construction of the ponds. 



[This article will be published entire iu succeeding numbers of 



FOBEBT AND StI1KAW|. 



HOW BLACK BASS SPA WN— Florida, April P.— Torn- corres- 

 pondent, ,; Gringo," in your issue of March, 10, is right in his sur- 

 mises as to how black bass spawn. This I know from personal ob- 

 servation : About three weeks since, near a small lake that, I stock- 

 ed with them some four years ago, my attention was attracted by a 

 large bass throwing its tail and fully one-third of its body out of 

 the water. After seeing this movement repeated I looked for tho 

 cause, and walkiug out on a tree that had fallen into the lake I 

 got very near the fish, which was uot at. all alarmed at my approach. 

 The water was about three feet in depth Very soon a, smaller 

 bais camenp to the other, and, heads together, they swam rapidly 

 around iu a, circle directly over the bed which I noticed just under 

 the tree where I stood. This they did several times and separated. 

 The female lav on her side and floated or rose to the surface throw- 

 ing her tail and body out of the water as I first described, sinking 

 gradully agaiu. The male now swam rapidly toward ntr with wide 

 distended mouth, and grasping htr body pre-a-ed the roe from her 

 which settled upon the bed. He then sank to fhe bed and ejected 

 the milt, making a rapid motion across and over the bed as if 

 spreading everything eveulv. This operation continued, I should 

 judge, forneail'y an hour, and during that tune he must have grasp- 

 ed her five or six. times. I noticed that she finally shrank from his 

 approach, acting as i.houcdi she had been used too roughly. To 

 me it WW an interesting study, and I think it fullv corroborat.uh 

 " Gringo's" ideas. 1 notice he oilers to give Jus bass to any one 

 who wants. I do not think he will get a better food fish, as I 

 think I could have proved to him today had he been at mv table 

 where I bad a six-pound fellow nicely baked. 



Mv carp are thriving. They will be two years old in June. Do 

 you 'think they will spawn this spring ? The accounts I get in rela- 

 tion to them iu this matter conflict. Geo. E. Kixioitn. 



Very likely the carp will spawn this year. Please inform us of 

 the result, and their sine. 



TENNESSEE.— Mr. James E. Warner bought 100,000 eggs of 

 the brook trout from Mr. James Aunin, Jr., of Caledonia, N. Y„ and 

 has established a hatcberv in Northern Tennessee, on a stream 

 emptying into the Cumberland Biver. Mr. Warner says : "If the 

 Legislature will not appropriate a small sum of money for the pur- 

 pose of establishing fish hatcheries, I am willing to undertake the 

 hatching of any variety of fish eggs for any individual or persons, 

 at the actual coal, of batching them, as I have a good hatchery, 

 well appointed with every requisite nenossary for practical work, 

 and it has a capacity of over two million eggfl." 



SMELTS IN FUESH WATERS OF FLORIDA-Jneksonv-iile, 

 April 6.— I see considerable said about smelts breeding in fresh 

 water lakes. Would say they are very abundant in all our fresh 

 water lakes down in Eastern 'Maine, also in New Brunswick, and iu 

 some lakes grow to a large size and they never go to (he salt 

 water. Appear to be the same species as those we take iu salt 

 water.— G. A. B. 



TEXAS— Austin, April 5.— The Legislature has ereetcd the office 

 of Fish Commissioner on a sound basis, making an appropriation 

 of $5,000 per annum, and giving him a salary of .$1,500 per year.— 

 Hastings. 



Jlfe fennel 



FIXTURES. 



October 1 at New York lit y. Close of entries Pastern Field Trials. 



Truilsooiuinen ; , I'f, ,nl.::-,.;, ci n_ lacy. J.i.-ub IVnlz, secretary, 1'. 



(J. Box 27r, S«W York City, 



THE LAVERACK SETTEES IN AMERICA. 



LEATHERHEAD, in his article on the Envoi-sick sellers iu Eng- 

 land, refers to but, few of the purely bred dogs and bitches of 

 this celebrated breed which have been imperial into and bred in 

 the United States. Mentioning 1'ride of the Border. Fniiv. Petrel 

 and Thtiuder, and one of the latter'* gets, he gives no fil.thcr ac- 

 count of the now quite numerous list, eomptirniUely speaking, in 

 the country. We fancy this array of Lavorack setters in tho 

 United States will astonish our cousins over the water, especially 

 the stock of Messrs. Higgins, Goodsell and Sneilenberg, and the 

 day may not, be fur distant, when, as with a particular family of 

 shnrt llorna, the English may come to this country for their l*v- 

 eraofcblood; Without claiming that, our list is absolutely perfect 

 m minor particulars, it is iu the main correct, t hange of owner- 

 ship of a few of the dops may have caused us to err in this re- 

 spect, and one or two of the younger ones named may have died. 

 OF theLaverack imported setters they were as follows : 



Pride of tho Border from E. Laveraek's kennel by C. H. Ray- 

 mond. 



Pedigree from E. Laveraek's konuel by C. S. Wescolt. 



Pride of the Border 11. from E. Laveraek's konuel by C. F. 

 Barker. , 



Aiders-hot from J. II, Uohiusotis kennel by E. A. Herzberg. 



Don Juan from H. F. Grant's kennel by , J. II. Goodsell. 



Noting Laverack imp. ia ntero, Fairy, from E. Lavcrack by C. 11. 

 Raymond. 



Fairy from E. Lavoradfs kennel by C. H. Ravmond. 



Fairy II. from E Laveracks kennel by C. F. Barker. 



Magnet from E. Laveraek's kennel by C. S. Westcott. 



Peart from I' li. Uc-welhu's kennel by L. II. Smith. 



Petrel from P. E. Idlowelhu's kennel by " 



IV. res from P. B. Llewcllin's kennel by '* 



Victress from P. 11. Llewellin's kennel by " 



Rnby froniE. Laveraek's konuel by Dr. Gaulier. 



Pickles. 



Of those, Bride or the. Border, Pedign 

 dead. The list Eabjoiued pives those of t 

 those bred in the Coiled Stales, with tin 

 and dam. date of birth and name of brc( 



' and Victress are 

 rted ones alive and 

 , name, color, sire 



Dogs — Young Laverack, L B, 

 erack; Pontine, II B, Bride 

 gins: Not, Named, B 15. Bo 



Bitches— Petrel. 1. It. Prince-Li 

 IE, BB. Bride of Coder- i 

 III., LB, Carlowitz Petrel. 

 trel. LB, Carlowitv-lV-ic). 

 trek BB, Cailowiu Petrel. 



en-Fairy, 1871, E. Lav- 



I'etrel.'lH ft, J. C. Ilig- 



- IP, IKriO.I. C. flmgins. 



. lie. 



Fairy It, U 

 f lit, LB, 



i, E. Lav 



. HiggiUB. 



iiyj. n oormsEt.i,, u. v. ai'ku, 1. 

 ngton'sDash-Conntcss, 137.'!. R. B. 

 Pan. O'Shanter Ida Peine. 1870. H. 

 in fort, IS B, Pride of Border-Fairy 



Bontiac-1 



1-UllE LAM.I'.V 



Doga— Carlos , 



Llowellin: Don Juan, Bl 

 F. Grant, Esq. ; Duke of i 

 II., 1878, C. H. Wostcott. 



Kitohoa— Daisy Lav crack, LB, Thunder-Peeress, 187!>, J. J. Sneil- 

 enberg ; Carlena, L and W, Carlowitc/.-Priucess, lt7'J, M. Von 

 Culm. 



id W.Pilk 



Dog— Planet, L B, Carlowitz-Bc-trel, 1870, ,t. C. Higgina. 



Dog— Thunder, B B, Pride' of Border-Fairy II., 1S77, C. S. West- 

 cott. 



Bitch— Lady Laverack, B B, Thunder -Peeress, 1878, J. J. Sneilen- 

 berg. 



OWNF.n 1W .1. R. HENDKIl ES, l'l TTSillllUS II, I'A. 



Bitch— Lora Laverack, B B, Young Laverack-Betrel II., 1880, J. 

 C. Higgins. 



OWMUl El' COL. ntiOUES, DALLAS, TEXAS ; IMPORTED BY C. P. TABIC - 

 ER, PHILADELPHIA . 



Dog— Pride of Border II., L and W, Blue Brince-Cora, 1875, E. 

 Laverack. 



OVVSED EV G. W. LAIS-rircNREIiC.EH, PHILAHELlUrA j IMPORTED BY C. S. 



Bitch— Magnet, B B, "Victor -Blue Daisy,'l880, E. Laverack. 

 Dog— Shatfc, E B, L'i k :: I F. .:■;-.') .-J-.-.A fTK J L Higgins. 

 Dog Laverack Chief, ii, W and T, Bontiac i'au-y'll.,' 1880, J, O. 



ft— SPri 



. B, W 



lid T. Pride of Border-Pelrcl, 1878, J. C. Hig- 



Bamiv sleep. LOod cligesrion. rich blood, elastic Step Ml cheerful- 

 ness in Bop Bitters. 



0WSEI1 ill .IOHM DALE, OEOVl I r.E, CAL. 



Bitch— Lulu Laverack, B, W aud T, Carlowitz-Petrel, 1879, J. C. 

 Higgins. 



OWNED PV MRS. VON CrU-IV, DELAWARE CITY. 



Bitch— Princess Nellie, B, W aud T, Pride of Border-Petrel, 1378, 

 Mr. Van Culin. 



Bitch— Rose Laverack, LB, Young lacvoracle IVtrol 1L, 1880, J. C. 

 Higgins. 



OWNED BY L. a, SMITH. STllATUliOY. CANADA, 



Bitch-Pearl B B, Prince-Liil TL, P. E. Llowellin. 



OW.N'ED P.Y .1. H. WBTTMAX, CHICArJO, ILL. 



Dog— Charm, L aud W, Pride of Border-Fairy, 1874, C. H. Ray- 

 mond. 



Bitch— Diamond, B, W and T, Pride of Border-Ruby, 1875, Dr. 

 Gautier. 



OWNED EY 0. tl. RAYMOND, MORRIS PLAINS, N. J. 



Dug— Brough, Band W, Pride of Border Fairy, 1870, 0. H. Raymond; 

 Roderick Dhu, B B, Bride of Border-Fairy, 1875, C. H. Ray- 

 mond. 



Bitch— Fate, L and W, Bontiac-Fairy, 1880, 0. H. Raymond. 



OWNED RY DUDLEY OLCOTT, N. Y. 



Dog— GuyMannering, BB, Bride of Border-Fairy, 1875, C. H. Ray- 

 mond. 



OWNED BY E. A. HERZBERO, BROOKLYN. 



Dog— Alderahot, L B, Emperor Fred-Blue Cora, 1878, J. R. Robin- 

 son, Esq, 



OWNED RV OEOROE E. oXASON, MILWAUKEE, WIS. 



Bitch— Pickles, Land W, Priuce-Lill II., 1878, R. B. Llewellin. 



Dogs— Dick Laverack, Ilk Thunder- Peeress. .1. J. Sneilenberg; 

 Mack Laverack, L Ii, Thunder-Peeress, J. J. Sneilenberg ; 

 Prince Laverack. L B. Thunder-Peeress. , I. J. Sneilenberg. 



Bitches-Peeress*, L P., Priuce-Lill If.. J. J. Sneilenberg ; Peggy 

 Laverack, B B, Thunder-Peeress. J.' J. Sneilenberg ; Pet Lav- 

 erack, BB. Thunder Peeress. J. J. Sneilenberg; LeuLaverack, 

 L B, Thunder- Peeress, J. J. Sneilenberg ; Comassio, B B, 

 Thunder-Peeress, J. J. Sneilenberg ; Maple, B B, Thunder 

 Peeress, J. J, Sneilenberg. 



OWNED BY Vf. 1. .STEELE, PIERMONT, N. Y., IMPORTED EY DR. 



Bitch— Ruby, red, Cora, E. Laverack. 



owumn nv mi. o. a. stark, Milwaukee, wis. 

 Dog— Count Noser, CiirUinitz, Princess Nellie, Von Culhi. 



