Apeix, 28, 1881.] 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



251 



granarm*), hake (Phycia), or of a disk (Bro«mi'ts) in i 

 waters. The only members of the nod family definitely kn. 

 the true cod (Gadus morrhuaX the toui-eod i Mir.rr>qn(.t.ns 

 YfyUsJ. the polar-cod fJSorwffnaw s«»'dn1. the ^'wachfta" 



it bo the doors of the fisber- 

 l shores of Alaska in. the pro- 



f the Cape Cod fishery. 



The cod seems to b 

 California. A circuit] 

 tics to Mr W. W. 'Bi 

 elicited the following 

 W. Barne*. the v 



of i 



s lishe 



.Lie j 



Of ! 



ired t 



: San I)i 



'tular to Hi 



hut. u 



lOt 8 



to exist in any of tl: 



bank, north-northwest trom 6 



Tie Indians residing on that c 



daut in the summer months, and they lire sail 



and delicious. 



.1. L. McDonald, in a book entitled "Hide 

 Fisheries Around the Northwest Coast," states tl 

 In very limited numbers off the Farralonca ; the; 

 poor and resemble the jaundiced 



.1 ames G. Swan, in a renorfc on 

 ■Washington Territory, i 

 Is not found in abuiidi 

 brought in, but it is by 

 deep water of Fuoa Str 

 for, except occasionally 

 very fiue weather to tali 



Bound and in Hood's Canal and a fbw other loi 

 taken, but it 

 once is well 1 

 in sufficient i 



Mr. H. A. Webster, Collector of Custom 

 Washington Territory, miles thus to the Ch 

 Statistics ; " The cod . I belieye, is always pre 



1 hiatt 



>.iu that the codfish 'is known 

 it to this port " On the lieeeta 

 Ixford, Oregon, eod aro found, 

 report this ii~h as quite abuu- 

 they lire said to be large, solid 



Treasures, oi 

 "Cod are takei 



e lei 



sod v 



tdBs 



food fishes of Cape Flattery, 

 5 that "the. eod of the North Pacific 

 at Cape Flattery; occasionally it is 

 cans common. It seems to inhabit the 

 udfor that reason is seldom fished 

 80f the older ii.dierineii vail try during 

 ighty fathoms. Further up th 





■idns 



Although its 

 mnd. it is not taken 

 od fish. 11 



.s at Port Townseud, 

 dnf of the B 



q the 



of 



Fuoa Strait, and I'nget Sound, but in such limited quantities that 

 catching has not uceti pursued as a business, and the knowledge of 

 their habits is very limited. Youug cod, about the size of shad, 

 have been somewhat abundant ui l'uget Sound during the winter 

 mouths. Cod weighing from four to six pounds have been taken 



during the summer mouths by Indians at Nce-ahBay Thepros- 



sence of small cod in the winter months in Paget Sound aud at 

 the mouth of the Strait of Fuca is an indication that large quan- 

 tities mav be fonud in the nek-hb"! hood ol Cape Flat terv— say 

 west of Tahosh Light and south from Vancouver Bland.. . .'. . .No 

 efficient search has been made off the coast of Washington Terri- 

 tory for this valuable fish. " 



At Sitka Indians brought a few cod to our vessel in June, 1880. 

 The cod were reported abundant and readily caught, but the hali- 

 but, the many fine "bass" (ScbaxtK-htht/s, se\eral species) aud 

 "rockfish" (Her.a'irnmiiius\ seemed to have greater popularity 

 Mr. A. T. Whit ford told me that the cod spawii in the vicinity of 

 Sitka in spring, and that they have a remarkable number of eggs. 

 We bought a fine eod tnent.y-sis inches lung for ten cents here. 



At Port. Mulgrave, Yakiital Bay, we took but one cod in the har- 

 bor during the day spent there, tins one was large but sick. Good 

 fish are to be had in the deeper water outside. Nothing but hand- 

 lines were used from the vessel. 



Capt. J. Haley reports cod very abundant on the Hoochenoo 

 bank in Chatham Strait, The bank extends from BooohenOO 

 Point to Point Samuel He also states that there is a bank off 

 Point Gardiner, and that, there are banks on the east shore of 

 Baranoff Island near Poghibshi Strait, also that small eod are 

 abundant, in Prince Frederick's Sound. 



AVhile on a visit to the Aleut, village uoar G raham Harbor, Cook's 

 Inlet, we were told by Mr. Cohen that cod are present there 

 throughout the year. On the fith of July on Kefuge Cove, Port 

 Chatham, Cook's Inlet, a great many fiue young cod wee seined. 

 It was in Port Chatham that we first saw capelin schooling. 

 Elenty of excellent pod \< ere caught with lines from the vessel. 



Around the island of Kodiak cod are very numerous. On the 

 9th of July while the " Yukon " was lying at anchor in the haruor 

 of St. Paul schools of these fish were seen swimming about her. 

 These were fine, lively fish, evidently the first of the SUtaiuer run, 

 which Mr B. G. Melmyrc lufm-nred me had net. vet begun. Young 

 cod were seined on Wooded Island. July 13. Between Kodiae and 

 Unalashka are the extensive and well-known banks Portlock, Setii- 

 inoffsky and the Htmmagiris, which have furnished the great, bulk 

 of the cod so far taken in Alaska. 



There are eod banks in the vicinity of Unalashka. We had no 

 difficulty in catchmg all we wanted with a small trawl line or with 

 hand-lilies late in July. Native fishermen at Iliulink were bringing 

 in bidarka loads of beautiful fish, moat of which were very large, 

 to dry them for use iu winter. The. wonderful abundance of youug 

 cod three to four inches long was a feature here in October. 



Cod have been reported as far west as the island of Atka of the 

 Aleutian chain. 



Cod have been reported abundant iu Bristol Bay ; they appear to 

 be uncommon in Norton Sound, though occurring again more 

 abundantly further uorth as far as the ice liue. The eastern por- 

 tion of Behring Sea may yet furnish important supplies of cod in 

 Buitable depths, since there is an abundance of its favorite food — 

 notably sand lauuee, capelin, smelt, herring and pollock, which 

 last is probably the " whiting " spoken of by Seetnaii as occurring 

 abnudautiv in Hotham Inlet. Kotzebuo Sound 



A the island of St. Paul cod are taken rarely, the fur seal hav- 

 ing a monopoly of the catch. 



At St. Lawrence Island Messrs. Mayiiard and Elliott, caught cod 

 on the 22d of August, 1874. 



The great fishing grounds of Kamtchatka are in the Okhotsk 

 Sea and the Sea of Kamtchatka. 



AVe were informed by oue of the whaling captains in Plover Bay 

 last September that he has caught cod off the heads of Marcus 

 Bay, East Siberia, in latitude north aud about longitude 

 west. Off Indian Point (Cape Tehaplinl. East Siberia, a little 

 further north than Marcus Bay, we were told by Eskimo, who came 

 aboard the vessel, that Uiev sometimes take eod at that point. 



In the Arctic Ooea.ii wo saw no traces of the Gadui- niorrlma. its 

 place being supplied to some extent by myriads of small polar cod 

 (Jjoreogadus sauja i. which, like the pollock, lias the lower jaw 

 longer than the upper. On the 19th of August, 1880, in latitude 

 60 deg. 45 iniu. north, longitude 166 dog. 115 iniu. west, we saw 

 great numbers of young Jjoreogadus fiom an inch to an inch and a 

 half long swimming under the tentacles of a 6'2/cmea-like jelly-fish. 



J. G. Swan writes that the cud is called "Kadatl by the Makah 

 Indians. The Sitkas call it " Saeht." A Kodiak Eskimo, to whom 

 I showed one of the fresh fish, told me that they knew it as " Ah- 

 mo-doc." The Kussian name for the species is ""Treska"— a name 

 pretty widely known in the territory. It is worthy of remark here 

 that natiyes'geuerally distinguish closely the " Wachna " from the 

 "Treska." To the fishermen generally the fish is known as ■' the 

 cod." Men who have come to the Alaskan grounds from New Eng- 

 land have brought with them the terms "lock cod ' and "kelp 

 bangers 11 for certain individual varieties, " Rock eod" are the va- 

 riously colored &!gie fish, exactly similar to those known by the 

 BOme name at Gloucester. '-Kelp bangers" are shore fish that 

 frequent the kelp, as their name suggests. " Wachna " is a term 

 applied to several species, among them the torn-cod and a species 

 very different structurally from this. 



J. G. Swan reports that none but small cod occur in Puget Sound 

 and Hood's Canal. I measured several fresh ones at, Sitka winch 

 were bom-lii, from Indians ; one taken May 80 was 662 millimeters 

 long, two others secured June 12 were 435 millimeters aud 

 542 millimeters respectively. Capt. ,1. Haley informed me 

 that he purchased 10,00(1 fish iu two weeks from Indians ou the 

 Hoochenoo cod bank which averaged' throe pounds each when 

 dried. The largest ho saw weighed thirty pounds. He saw a few 

 young fish. A cod caught by us in the harbor of Port Mulgrave, 



Ybakutal Bay, June 24, 



stout aud heavy, but sick In Port 



two healthy fish among a lot taken 



meters and 750 millcmeters, one of thus 



Marmot Island (Portlock Bank) ou the I 



hand-lines in a very short time precedin 



plump and hcalthv, ovt 



D. C. Bowen, who passi 



banks, gave me the i 



around Kodiak : 

 First comes the " herring school, " consisting of medium size 



fish, continuing fromMav 1 to June or Julv; then the "hint school," 

 moil, thick, well-iueafed, but. not so large as the herring scho d, 

 lime' to Julv. After this the "eapeliu school" of guod-si/.ed fish 

 ibout equal to Newfoundland cod, July to September. Lust the 

 'squid school," averaging twelve pounds each, All of these are 



shore fish, the bank fish are always largi 



atllimeters. It was 



tham. Cook's Inlet, 

 5 measured 722 milli- 

 icse was a. spent, female. OlT 

 ic 8th of July we caught, with 

 hug dark twenty-six eod, fine, 

 is than twelve pounds. Capt. 

 3 years on the eastern fishing 

 irmation about the shore fish 



apt. J. O. Caton, 



fishcrv. savs that in 1867 thi 

 2 ! 4 Ybg. rearlv for market. 

 BO.OOo fish I of 21.7 lbs. eat 

 fish are so large as the Geoi 

 formed me that when he v\ 

 she took ou yc 

 ing %£ lbs. dr 

 Capt. H K. B, 

 shore fish tin 

 fourteen poun 



fishing station at Pirate uove, si 

 of the fish there something betw 



rioted with the Slit 



late in the "Wild Gwelltf 1 in 187-3 



sky Bank 9,1,000 fish in three month*, avorag- 



lii 1874 she caught 07.000, averaging 3 lbs. 



'f St. Paul. Kodiak, gives the average' of the 



six pounds, and says that the largest weigh 



Thomas Deviue, in charge of McCoilum & Co.'s 



lagins, gives me. as an average 



eight and twelve pounds, the 



largest weighing fifty ponudi 



On the 19th of July I saw many fish brought in to this station by 

 dorymen Oue of the men had 157 for his day's catch, none of 

 them being less than twenty-six inches iu leugth, aud many of 

 them weighing not less than thirty pounds, the smallest weighed 

 about eight according to my estimate. Prof. George Davidson, as- 

 sistant to the U. S. Coast Survey iu bit report on Alaska states, 

 that in north latitude 53 deg. 3*J min., west longitude 164 deg. 10 

 miu., in fifty to .-ixty fathoms of water, many eod were caught from 

 his vessel, the largest being thirty-seven inches long ; several 

 reached thirty-six niches; the finest was thirty-six ine.heB long, 

 twenty-three ire ties girth, and weighed twenty-seven pounds, was 

 verv fat, etc., etc. Iu the New York Times of July 15, 1«79, is 

 found the following extract from the report of Capt. White of the 

 United States Revenue Marine Service, who was ou dutv in the 

 Alaska waters in 1878 : " Oncday when sounding south of Kodiak, 

 wishing to lay in a stock of codfish, I ordered the sails set back, 

 and prepared twenty lines with four or five hooks to each line. Pu- 

 get Sound clams were used at bait, aud in two hours we caught 

 250 fish weighing thirty to forty pouuds each." 



From Dr. A. Kellogg, of Sail Francisco, surgeon and botanist of 

 one of the Coast Survey's expeditious, I have the following mem- 

 orandum : " I copy from my diary verbatim the very brief note 

 uradeou the spot relative to the cod caught ou board the ' Lincoln,' 

 hit. 53 deg. 30 mm. N. , Ion. 164 deg. 30 min. W.— cod eighteen inches 

 girth, thirty and one-half inches leugth, fourteen and one-half 

 pouuds j twenty and one-fourth girth and thirty-four inches long, 

 weight twenty to twenty-two pounds ; three feet long and twenty- 

 three inches girth, twenty-seven pounds. 



We were in the harbor of Ihuliuk, Unalashka, from the 27th of 

 July to August 3, and from October 6 to is. 1880. Between the first 

 two dates we saw native fishermen daily bringing in cod for winter 

 use. The fish were caught near the village, and were uniformly 

 good-sized, many of them of fifteen to twenty pounds in weight at 

 least. Men were sent out from the vessel also to supply us with 

 fresh fish. They generally fished ou the ridge at the entrance to 

 Port Levasheff, anil never failed to secure a good supply of cod 

 averaging fully twelve pouuds. In October there was no falling 

 off io the supply, aud the size was about the same. In deeper 

 water further from the village we took larger cod. 



I find in the notes of Prof. D. S. Jordan the following compari- 

 son between the Okhostk cod and that of the Shumagiu Islands : 

 " Okhotsk cod are larger and more numerous than Shumagiu eod, 

 but they are thinner, less fat and more pot-bellied, and weigh rathor 

 lesB wlien dressed— 80,000 Shumagiu fish, dressed, weigh 260.000 

 pounds; 80,000 Okhotsk fi<h. dressed, weigh 220,000 pounds. The 

 latter are poorer perhaps because they are caught so early in 

 spring. They are fatter in July ; fishing, however, begins in 

 June." For "the dressed Shumagm fiah this gives an average of 

 three aud one-quarter pouuds each, aud for the Okhostk two aud 

 three-quarter pounds. The average for the Shumagiu fifth ttgre.es 

 substanl tally with that, given by most persons who have furnished 

 information about the. Alaska cod Prof, Jordan's information 

 was obtained from the foremost fish merchants in San Francisco, 

 and mine from captains of fishing vessels. 



SHAPE ASD COLOB. 



With reference to the Shuniagin cod Capt. J. C. Caton informed 

 me that most of them are black napes, hut there are some 

 white napes. Some of the fish we caught on Portlock Bank, 

 July 8, 1880, had black napes, aud others white napes. 

 Thomas Deviue, who has charge of McCollam At Co.'s fish- 

 ing-station at Pirate Cove, Shumagins, reports mostly black 

 napes, some whito or gray. Capt. H. B. Bowen, of St Paul, 

 Kodiak, Id., says thev " verv seldom find fish with white napes— 

 generally black." Capt. D. 0. Bowen, of the same place, told me 

 that white uapc and black nape fish both are caught, black napes 

 beiug most plenty. He says that white napes are generally young 

 fish ; the big ones are almost always black napes. Capt. J. Haley 

 informed me that the Hoo-chc-noo cod have black napes. These 

 statements coincide with my own observations at various pointa 

 along the coast of Alaska, and it seems to be true that black napes 

 predominate among the Alaskau cod. Two large ones, measuring 

 722 and 750 millimetres, caught in Port Chatham, Cook's Inlet, 

 Julv 5, 1880, had black napes. The same variations in the external 

 colors of the fish exist as are known iu the Atlantic ; the shore fiah 

 are generally darker than the bank fish, aud a reddish tinge is very 

 common. Bock cod are as well knowu as with us. Mr. Deviue 

 states that, very pretty yellow cod are sometimes taken. Capt. H. 

 R. Bowen says that the deep water fish are generally light in color. 

 Mr. Deviue informed me that the winter fish are whiter than those 

 of any other st-ason. The same gentleman nientious peculiarities 

 of shape among the cod, as, for example, " bull-eyed" fish with 

 prominent eyes and "seal-head" fiah with short snout aud wide 

 forehead. The shore fish which were, brought to us by Indians 

 from Old Sitka were always dark colored, with long heads and 

 eves far apart, and with conspicuous blotches, in general appear- 

 ance often resembling the small cod taken in shallow water off 

 South Greenland— the ogoc form of the common cod. There are 

 uo differences so far as general appearances go between Alaskan 

 and New England cod ; it would be impossible to tell one from the 

 other if they were mixed in a tank without tags or some other 

 means of identification. 



In gencraUtertUB we may say that cod are found around the 

 whole southern shore of Alaska and westward along the Aleutian 

 chain as far as Atka, extending on the western shore not, much be- 

 yond British Bay, though they have been observed as far uorth as 

 St. Lawrence island. They are said not to penetrate far into CooVb 

 Inlet. We caught several large ones in Chugachik Bay, but they 

 were sick In Port Chatham," which is near the entrance to the ii>- 

 iel, we found them common and good. Mr. Cohen told me that 

 cod are present all the year near Fort Alexander. In Kefuge 

 Cove, a small arm of Port Chatham, we took many young cod in 

 brackish water. At Chernoffsky, also, on the island of Unalashka. 

 we again found them abundant 'in brackish water associated with 

 young Oneorhynchus, Salvelinus malma, Aminorfytc,*, Lumpenus 

 and Cnltus. Several small streams flow into Chenioffsky Bay at 

 this point, and the young fish were taken in water varying from 

 three feet to oue fathom in depth close to the shore. Fish of con- 

 siderable size (weighing several pouuds) were taken from the 

 wharves at iuuliul; during our stay. Cod aro quite abundant close 

 to the shores of the Kodiak group, the Shumagins aud Unalashka 

 Island. I have seen them taken iu about nine feet of water at 

 Hiuliuk, and at a depth of at least fifty fathoms off Capo Cheerful. 



Mr. Deviue, of Pirate Cove, says they are caught as far as thirty 

 miles oir Serninoff'sky Island os'deep as forty-rive fathoms, and that 

 oil lee middle rid K e, 10 si.e'r, to seventy feihonis Hie best fish ale 

 taken with hand-linos. 



Captain II K. Boweu states that they are caught in three feet of 

 wnter souieiime- at the \ il'age of s.r. Paul. 1 mi these arealnays 

 Biek fish. Wherever there are soundings good lish mav be caught. 

 The cod of tho Shumagiua are generally taken at such short "dis- 

 tanees Iron, the shores as can be readily reached in dories The 

 fishermen go out in dories from their vessels, or from the fishing- 

 station, iu the nioraing, aud return in time to dress the fish aboard 

 or on shore in the evening. 



MOVEMENTS, ETC. 



miOKATIOSS. 



Mr. J. B. Mclntyre, Mr. D. C. Boweu and Captain H. B. Bowen 



all agree in stating that cod remain throughout the vear are. rid 

 the island of Kodiak. They were scarce last winter on" account of 

 Jd, and up to the time of our arrival at St. Paul 



the 





ii-y •■ 



ret be 



ihools of thorn 



around the vessel where she lay at anchor. According to Mr. 

 Bowen they made their first appearance at St. Paul A'.av7, 1880. 

 Captain Bowen states that thev are always found in the same 

 places. .Mr. Melntvre said that thev were so scarce about St. Paul 

 last « inter that, the natives could not catch enough of them for 

 then- own use. 



According to Capt. J. C. Caton. eod are present around the 

 bb.i.Mseri Islands ail the time, but at some seasous they are very 

 scarce. The best fishing is in February, commencing about the 

 10th and lasting to March 10. Most of 'the vessels coming up get 

 their best fish and best fure in July. Sometimes they do well iu 

 Mav- The lleet come up late in April or earlv in Mav 'and stay un- 

 til the 1 th or 15th of August. 



.Mr. Thomas Deviue, who manages the permanent fishing station 

 ou PopofT Is'aud, Shumagins, also informed me that cod are to bo 

 found all the year, but that they go into deep water 111 cold suapB 

 and toward evening. Ho stated that the solioolllsb leave in 

 August or September and return iu Ja unary and February. They 

 seem to move off to the southward aud to return from the south- 

 ward and westward. 



With refer one e to the bank, twenty miles east northeast of Scmiii- 

 offskv, Capt. Andrew Anderson told me that the fishing is best in 

 August, and September. The "yellow fish," J 'leururjra-wmua 

 i»o»;ilirwi»s. school there abundantly about the middle of Au- 

 gust, and will follow the bait up to the'top of the water. Cod will 

 bite at the yellow fish in preference bo auvfhing else. 



Mr. "Marcus Baker has. translated for me a note by Iyau Yeniami- 

 noff, ou the marine fishes of the Unalashka region, 'in which occurs 

 the following sentence : : ' Borne of these, and especially, the cod, in 

 the winter go off shore iuto deep water, but in suuimer time they 

 are fouud along the shores of certain bays and in shoal water." 



Mr. D. C. Bowen, of St. Paul, distinguishes various schools of 

 cod about the Island of Kodiak, which vary in size and other par- 

 ticulars, and take then names from their favorite, food during the 

 time of their stay, lie ghes them in the following order : First, 

 the ,: herring school,'' consist big of medium size rise, which come 

 about May 1 and slay until June or July : next, the " iant school," 

 feuding ou sand-iaunee (species of AiuiKOdi/les), made up of short, 

 thick, well-iueated fish, not ao large as those of the herring school, 

 which are present in June and July. Then follows the "eapcdiu 

 school " (_the capelin is our Alatlotus cillfxus), July to September j 

 these are good-sized lish, about the same as Newfoundland cod. 

 Tho " squid school " comes in August or September, and remains 

 until October. The fish of this school average twelve pounds in 

 weight. The schools so far enumerated are all shore fish, and 

 they are always smaller than bank fish. From October there 

 are winter schools iu some places; these aro generally short, 

 thick fish. 



Capt. J. C. Caton says that they catch males and females to- 

 gether iu the spawning season, aud that they do not school when 

 spawning. 



Mr. Wm. J. Fisher has furnished the follow log iufornialion con- 

 cerning the schooling of cod around Kodiak which be obtained 

 from Captain H, B. Bowen : Cod associate in schools generally 

 from May to the middle of September, and the\ live independently 

 the rest of the year, the severity of the winter having much in- 

 fluence. At different seasons aud'in different 1 laces there are dif- 

 ferent schools, Males, females aud youug are found in the same 

 schools. The movements of the schools are .affected by the pres- 

 ence of food and by the state of the tide, the fish taking the hook 

 more readily at slack water. 



Mr. Deviue speaking about the Shumagiu cod told me on tho 

 19th of July, 1880, that they found the fish both in schools and in- 

 dependent. There were "picking fish" at the time, and there had 

 been "no great flush" of school fish this year. Different schools 

 are found at different seasons aud in different places. Mr. Deviue 

 says that males, females and young are not found associated. The 

 males go together at certain times and the females. At the spawn- 

 ing season there are more females than males. The rno, omenta of 

 the schools are very much affected by sharks especially, and dogfish 

 to some extent. Dogfish are not. abrindant, shaiks are quite BO. 

 Tho dogfish is identical with our Atlantic spinod dogfish. We. did 

 not get a specimen of the shark, but the National Museum baa a 

 couple of small ones from Sitka, which are very close if not iden- 

 tical with Galcorhinus galmis. As for the influence of the tides 

 Mr. Devine says that fishing is best during the spring tides, and 

 poorest iu slack tides. 



Sometimes the cod have such a superabundance of food that 

 they refuse to take the hook. 



My own observations at various points along the Alaskan coast 

 seemed to indicate that young cod from two to four inches in 

 leugth prefer to school near tho shores in sheltered coves where 

 the water is shallow, and ofteu where it receives a large ad- 

 mixture of fresh water. At Hiuliuk I found myriads of such young 

 fi«h playing about the wharves eagerly seizing the books baited for 

 larger prey. Occasionally a larger cod of say sixteen or eighteen 

 inches iu length would be caught in the same vicinity, but almost 

 invariably we fouud the small fry unmixed with older fish. Tim 

 supply of food forms a very important motive for the presence of 

 eod in js.i'isci.h.:.- places at. certain bines-.. When ve were in Port 

 Chatham, for example, capelin were schooling there abundantly, 

 and we caught tine cod freely. On Portlock Bank again capelin 

 were plentiful, and nearly every cod examined had its stomach 

 filled with them. 



At the Shumagins "England hake" or more properlypoHock 

 (J J ollnchins ehnk'Ogmtiitnus) were abundant in July, and the cod 

 were feasting on them. The "yellow fish" (J > l6urqjjrQffl<my& 

 viono,jler,irjlus)\e one of the finest, of all baits 'for cod', and will 

 play an important part m the future of the fishery. This "yellow 

 fish" is said by Capt. Andrew Anderson to be verv abundant about 

 the middle of' August ou the off-shore bank, twenty miles east 

 northeast of Semiuollskv. where they are found schooling, and 

 will follow the bait up to the surface of the water. It Is to be 

 noted that August and September ace the br.si months for cod on 

 this bank. 



The herring (Chijva >ni,;'iiMi.is) also has a great deal to do with 

 a prosperous cod fishery. Capt. J. Haley told me that herring are 

 wonderfully plenty on the Hoochenoo bank at the fishing season, 

 and that there are enormous quantities of fine herring in Prince 

 Frederick's Sound where also small eod are abuudaut. 



Before entering iuto an examination of the influence of modes of 

 fishing and practices of the fishermen upon the abundance of fish 

 it will be well to review the actual numbers taken at different times 

 and places. Captain Haley secured 10,000 fiah in two weeks from 

 Indians on the Hoochenoo bank, and could have got many more. 

 The Indians caught, these eod with bark lines on burlee.;.s, bent iron 

 hooks, two of them going off ill a canoe and bringing iu from 

 twenty-five to fifty fish, which were quite enough to satisfy their 



Mr. D, C. Bowen states that as many as five hundred have been 

 taken in a day by one hand-liner on Portlock bank, and that the 

 average catch of the whole season per man is seventy-five a day. 



