Mat 19, 1881.] 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



311 



As Eight Pound Shad.— A North River shad, weighing 

 eight pounds, was on exhibition on the 11th inst. at the res- 

 taurant of Thomas L. Clark & 8cm, 215 Washington street, 

 New York. It was caught by the veteran shadder, Sain Lud- 

 low. We saw the fish; it measured 264. inches in length, 

 6J in depth, and was 3^ inches thick just froward of the 

 dorsal fin. ItB head was so iarge that it could not get into 

 the gill-net further than just back of the eye, the twine mark 

 coming to the posterior edge of the suborbital bone, 



Nota ScoxrA Tnon FisniNG — Montreal, Quebec, May 11 

 —Good trout fishing is now to be had in the lakes back from 

 Buckingham, Quebec. Mine host, Lynch, of the Montreal 

 House, Buckingham, has good camps at these lakes, and his 

 charges will be very reasonable this Season to carry parties 

 to and fro, and furnish all necessary supplies while camping 

 there. — Stak stead. 



Get Out Yotjb Tackle. — A small school of bluefish was 

 seen off the coast of New Jersey on the 12th. Weakflsh have 

 been taken in Gravesend Bay in the shad nets, and one man 

 claimed to have taken one ou a line on the 14th. The June 

 schools will be composed of small fish, but hungry ones. 

 See that your tackle is in good order, and if not, then buy 

 new. If you don't know who keeps the best tackle just; look 

 through our advertising columns ; you can't miss the right 

 one. 



The WrrxKWEMoo Club in the Catskill mountains owns 

 Willewemoc Lake, one of the best trout preserves in this 

 State, together with club-house, out-buildings and furniture, 

 and about twelve acres of land. A share in this club can he 

 obtained at a reasonable price by prompt application to 

 "Willewemoc," care of Fobest and Stkkam. 



— A rather curious incident occurred to an acquaintance of 

 mine while fishing in some private water near here. He was 

 fishing for trout with the worm, and had, as lie supposed, 

 hooked a fish ; but what was his astonishment in pulling out 

 the line to find, instead, a half-digested frog attached by the 

 leg to the hook. Evidently the fish had taken the frog some 

 time before, and, in swallowing 'he worm, the nook, instead 

 of fastening in his throat, caught the frog's leg. — Fisluua 

 Gazette. 



— Some of our readers may possibly have read about the 

 eccentric but forgetful Rev. George Harvest, who lived in 

 the latter half of the last century. Mr. Harvest had a par- 

 tiality for the then Bishop of London's (Br. Compton) 

 daughter. The. wedding day, in short, had been fised, but, 

 unluckily, he (Mr. H.) forgot all about it and went out. fish- 

 ing instead. The Bishop's daughter, highly incensed, broke 

 off the engagement. — FisMng Gazette. 



Rangelet Lakes. — The excursion fare to Rangeiey Lakes 

 from Boston and return, by the papular Boston and Maine 

 Railroad, is $12.S0. This road looks out for the interests of 

 its sportsmen patrons. See its advertisement elsewhere 



[A paper reail before the American P'islioulturat Association, and here 

 reprinted Horn advanced slu-eis or heport or 11. a. E'lslr coinuils.- 

 sion, rart Vir.J 



EPOCHS IN THE HISTOEY. OP FISH CULTURE. 



EY PBOE. G. 1SEOWH GOODE. 



TT baa been my aim m the following paper to recount, in chrouo- 

 - 1 - logical order, l.l.e principal stops in the progress of fish culture 

 in Europe End America. Iva ui iginaliry of matter or of method is 

 claimed. The work has been done for my own convenience and 

 that of others who may have felt the need often felt bv me of a. 

 concise tuuiijia.i'v cl ibe tacts m the history of tin-. "■[ir>ui] in. li- 

 gation of fiBh. TbiB paper baa been hastily prepared, and, perhaps, 

 contains ojissUtenicnts or omissions. Criticisms or collections 

 will be received gladly, especially if they relate to statements "on- 

 '■'■ ■■■]■;.., ri.iy id' liiiejLion. Yi'iiboui- iiiriUr;nLLOoV.:.i.ioii > vwil 



proceed to the consideration of the first and greatest epoch. 



L 1741— Tlie Discovery of the Art of Fish Culture.— In the year 

 1711 the art of fish culture was discovered by Stepb.au Ludwig 

 Jaeobi, a wealthy landed proprietor living at Hohciihauseu, a small 

 village in the duchy of Lippe, in Northweeuau Germany, This 

 discovery was not made public until 1763, ibiri:v-oie!it years after 

 the time when Jaeobi, a youth of seventeen years, iir.-t conceived 

 the idea -of artificially fertilizing the eggs offish for the purpose 

 of restocking ponds and streams, and began a series of painstaking 

 experiments. 



There is so much of interest in these early efforts at fiBh-breed- 

 ing, that I shall not hesitate to spaal: of them somewhat at length, 

 quoting freely from a paper recently published by mv friend. Dr. 

 Ludwig Hapke, of Bremen, who has taken tho pains to visit the 

 home of Jaeobi, and to correct many errors concerning tho worker 

 and hrs work, which may be found in all the writings hitherto pub- 

 lished on the history of fish culture. 



Stephan Ludwig jaeobi was born April 28, 1709, upon hia an 

 tral estate of Hohenhausen in the province of Vareuholz. After a 

 few years of study, under u private tutor, he was sent to tho Gym- 

 nasia of Lemgo, Detmold and Hamburg. In 1734 he ent' red'the 

 University of Marburg, where ho spent four years in the stud v of 

 jurisprudence, philosophy and mathematics." In 1738 he turned 

 hlB attention to agriculture and, hi 1741, after his marriage, he 

 assumed the management of the estate which he had inherited 

 from his father. In 1745 ho was appointed ''Landlieutenant," 

 Lieutenant, of Militia. He was not, howevor, a military mi. 

 though he is spoken of as an army officer in aU works on fish cul- 

 ture. Like many of the leading landed proprietors of Germany, 

 he engaged iu various enterprises not strietlv agricultural, though 

 properly pertaining to his functions as landlord. The village of 

 Hohenhausen, which was located upon his estate, was a prosperous 

 settlement of about one thousand inhabitants. 



Among the industries in which he was engaged was the manage- 

 ment of a HoiU'-miU, a vinegar factory and a factory for the fabri- 

 cation of starch from potatoes. He was also employed in public 

 service, having been chosen superintendent of tho vrark oi building 

 a canal from Sohottmar to Uffeln, an enterprise by which numer- 

 ous meadows and swamps were, reclaimed from the water, and 

 which was also of importance iu the years of destitution (1771 aud 

 1772) iu providing work and food for many hundreds of buttering 

 peasants. He was, however, particularly devoted to the culture of 

 fruit and of fish, and is said to have employed successfully for 

 many years a avetern of rotation of crops. Certain extensive iraeta 

 upon his estate he was accustomed to devote for a certain period i;,o 

 fruit-growing, theu, by overflowing them, to give them up with 

 equally satsstaotory results to the rearing of fish. As late as 1805 

 the twelve little troughs which he used in hatching fish eggs, as 

 well aa the other apparatus devised by him, were still to be Been by 

 those wbo were suffioientij interested to Inquire for them. 



Jaeobi was a man of commanding stature and fine personal ap- 

 pearance. He died, aged seventy-five years, on the 22d of April. 

 I 84, his widow surviving until 1805. He left twelve children," the 



dest of whom, Gerlach Ferdinand Jacotri, inherited the estate, 



and np to his death, in 1825, continued tho fish-breeding industries 

 which had been established by his father. 



The " Father of Fish Culture " was, in tho opinion of Dr. Hapke, 

 le of the important scientific investigators of the age in which he 

 lived. A pupil of the renowned Christian Wolf, the disciple of 

 Leibnitz, the predecessor of Kant, he was trained in the best 

 methods of the mathematicians and natural phflOBophers of hia 

 day and nation, ne waa unfortunate, in being ahead nf hia time. 

 He" was a citizen of one of tho smallest of the, at that time, infini- 

 tesimally imiall German provinces, aud was iu the prime of life when 

 the Seven Years' War occurred [1756-1763], and when the social 

 and Boientifio development of Germany was retarded by internal 

 dissensions. He appreciated the full scientific and practical import 

 of hia discovery and lost no opportunity to make it public and to in- 

 troduce it into general usefulness. He himself published papers in 

 various periodicals and was in constant correspondence with the 

 chief naturalists of Germany and France, like Buff on, Lacepede, 

 Fourcroy and Gleditsch, while also encouraging others to give pub- 

 licity through the press to the methods and result* of his labors. 

 A contemporary biographer wrote : "By reason of his discovery of 

 the methods of artificially fertilizing the eggs of fish, aR well aB an 

 account of many useful discoveries in physics and mechanics, he 

 was well known to tho academies of Berlin and St. Pclorsburgh, as 

 well as within the narrower limits of hia own fatherland " [Lippis- 

 che Intel ligenzhlatter, 1768, p. 585]. He was so well known 

 throughout the country that a letter sent to him from the American 

 Colonies sometime between 1760 and 1770, and addressed to The 

 Trout Cuituri.st Jaeobi, Germany, passed safely to his address. 

 [Hum, Dr. L. Zur Fjctdeokni gsgeBchialite des Kunsthchen Fish- 

 zuoht. Abhandlungen des NaturiuriHenseha.ftliehen Vereins, 

 Bremen, vi , 1876, pp, 157-164.] 



It is claimed by many French writers that tho process of arti- 

 ficial fecundation was discovered as early as 1120 by Horn Pinchon, 

 a monk in the Abbey of Beome. This claim was not advanced 

 until 1854, when the Baron de Moutgaudry called attention to cer- 

 tain manuscript records at that time in his possession, found 

 among tho archives of the abbey. The claim it a soiuowhat feeble 

 one, and it ia believed by many authorities that the practice of the 

 French monk was simply to collect and transplant the eggs which 

 he had found already naturally fertilized, thus discovering arti- 

 ficial breeding, but not artificial propagation. However interesting 

 to the antiquarian, the proceedings of Horn Pinchon had no influ- 

 ence upon the progress Of fish culture. [WoHTOAmms : Bulletin de 

 la Societe Zoologiquc d'Acclimatation, Paris. I, 1854, p. 8". Haime: 

 Bevue de.B Deux Monde*, June. 1851, and Report U. S. F. C, Fart 

 H, 1873 (pp. 465-402), p. 47 z ( translation *>. Milnkr : Report l T . 

 S. F. C., Part II, 1878, p. 531. Millet : La Culture de l'Eau, p. 

 12.8. Hapke ; op. cit., p. 151. MoliN : Bationelle Zucht der Snsa- 

 wassei-fiaohe, etc. wien, 1864, p. k] 



To Germany, beyond question, belongs the honor of discovering 

 and carrying into practical usefulness the art of fishoulture. Upon 

 the estate of Jaeobi, as has been seen, it was carried ou as a 

 branch of agriculture for nearly eighty years— from 1741 to 1825— 

 though it was nearly one hundred years before public opinion was 

 ripe for a general acceptance of its usefulness. Becognition of 

 fish culture, was finally brought about by the zealous advocacy of 

 men of science in Franco, Scotland, Bohemia and Switzerland. 

 During the hiterim it appears to be certain that at no time was tho 

 pructice of fish culture from a practical standpoint entirely aban- 

 doned by citizens of Germany. 



II. Vl&i—Annmuicement of the Discovery of Fish Culture.— In 

 17*3 some anonymous contributor to the Hanoverian Magazine 

 published a description of the methods employed by Jacohi in the 

 artificial culture of trout and salmon. [Hannoverecho Magazin. ft 63, 

 Erster jahrgang, p 363 | On the 6th of August, 17t-5, Jacohi him- 

 self, in the same poriodicnl, recounted the story of his experiments 

 and their results. [Hai'ke : op. cit., p. 160. Haime : op. at., p. 

 474. Milker : op. cit., p. 531. Miller : op. cit , p. 1J7. Btocn : 

 Hannoverscheu Magazin, 1782, pp. 337-360. Kainvrrz : Encyklo- 

 padie, 1778, p 456. Mezler: L&udwirthsehaft'a Kalender, Stutt- 

 gart, 1771, p. 72.] 



III. 1764— Indorsement of Fish, Culture by the Sava/ns of Ger- 

 many.— In 1764, iuthe year after the announcement by Jaeobi of 

 the results of his experiments, Dr. J. G. Gleditsch, a" renowned 

 botanist, presented to the Berlin Academy of Sciences a communi- 

 cation, in which he pointed out the importance of tho new dis- 

 covery. [Gleditsch : Deukschrifteu der Komglichen Akademie 

 zu Berlin, xx. (17641. 1766. p. 47.] 



IV. 1770— Hirst French Publication of a Treatise on Fish Cul- 

 ture. — In 1770, the ruonroir of Jaeobi was published in Paris in an 

 abridgment of the Memoirs of the Academy of Berlin. |Memoires 

 de 1' Academic Royale do Prusse, etc.]. In Duhamel-Dumonceau's 

 " General Treatise upon the Fisheries," published in 1773, was 

 published a translation of Jacobi's nioruoir on artificial propaga- 

 tion. [Dcuamel rat Monceac : Traite General des I'eches, publie 

 par ordre de I' Academie des Sciences. Paris, 1773, part ii. p. 209.J 



V. 1771 — First Recognition by Governments of Urn Importance 

 of Fish Culture.— George IIP. of England, recognizing tbe impor- 

 tance of the discovery of Jaeobi, granted to him a life pension. 

 [Pezay: "Soirees Holvetiennes. " Amsterdam, 1771, p. 160. Millet: 

 op. cit., 1870, p. 128.]. 



YI. 17'7i e'an'ii/c l),:,,o,„:!r:,;i,o, „J ;s,p r i„o ; ,^, ; t/!si, 



Culture. — In 1772, Prof. Adanson, in hia lectures in the Eoyal 

 Garden of Paris, now tho Garden of Plants, demonstrated to hia 

 hearers bv practical illustration the processes of fish culture. [Mil- 

 let, op. cit., p. 128.] 



VII. ms— First .Publication in English of a Treatise on Fish 

 Culture. — A translation of Jacobi'e'mcmou-s waB published in Lon- 

 don, in 1788, under the title, " S. L. Jacobi's Method of Breeding 

 Fish to Advantage." 



VIII. 1791— Beginnings of Fish Culture in Paly.— As early as 1791, 

 Joseph Bufalini, of Ceaena, in Northern Italy, had succeeded iu 

 ,,.,in,.i ; 1 1 1 ■. ■ re rrndating the eggs of many species of fish. {OmtscoU 

 scelli di Milano XV., 1791. Vis Utlernire de Spalln muni, by Tourdes, 

 p. 63.] Little has, however, since been done in Italy, particularly 

 in the way of public fish culture. 



IX 1800-1840— The Work of Early uisciples of Jaeobi in Ger- 

 many. — Aa we have already seen, the son of Jaeobi carried on fish 

 culture at Hohenhausen from 1784 to 1825. According to Hartig 

 and Von Kaas, the forester Franks, and perhaps others, practiced 

 successfully the methods of Jaeobi at Steiubnrg, iu Lippe Schauru- 

 burg, soon after then promulgation. Head-forester Martens made 

 some successful trials at Schieder iu 1827, which were continued 

 for many years. In 1637, Court-hunter Sclmitger, a pupil of Mar- 

 tens, established in Leppe Detmold, Jacobi's own province, a trout- 

 breeding establishment, which, hi 1844, was still in successful 

 operation Here were made some interesting observations upon 

 the iufluence of temperature on the development of eggs. In 1840, 

 Enoche published an account of successful experiments at Oel- 

 bergen. [Habtio (Ernst Friedrickl: Lehrbnch der Tcichwirth- 

 schaft, 1831, p. 411. Knoche: Zeitschnft fur den landwirthBchaft- 

 lichen verein des Groasherzogthuma Heasen, No. 37, 1840, p. 407. 

 Wagenee: Viiteriandische Blatter, Detmold, 1844. Haj?KE: Op. cit., 

 p. 161. llAtME. op. cit.. p. 476. BLAKCHAnn; op. cit, p. 589.] 



X. 1820— Initial Efforts at Fish Culture in .France— About the 

 year 1820, MM. Hivert and Pilaehou fertilized the eggs of tho 

 trout, and attempted to restock the waters of the Provinces of 

 Haute Morne, in eastern France. [Millet: op. cit., p. 128. Blak- 

 chaho: op. cit., p. 374.] 



XI. 1824— Beginning of Fish Culture in Bolieraia.— -In 1824, in 

 the duchy of Horazdovio in Bohemia, successful experiments in 

 salmon culture were carried on by Director Studeny, the young 

 flab dying when fingorhngs. [Fritbch: Die FluastiBCherei iu 

 Bohmen, Prague, 1871, p. . Hapke: op. cit., p. 162.] In 1853, a 

 new interest was a wakened in Bohemia by the experiments of Prof. 

 Purkyuie in trout culture. 



Xri. 1837— Beginnings of Fish Culture in Great Britain.— la 1837, 

 Mr. John Shaw, after studying for several years the habits of the 

 spawning salmon, succeeded iu fecundating their eggs and raising 

 the young fish to the age of two years. His experiments, though 

 undertaken chiefly to demonstrate the identity of the fishes known 

 as the parr and the smoU with the young of the salmon, were of 

 great importance in the development of fisheultural science in 

 Great Britain. [Shaw, John: An account of some experiment* and 

 observations on the pan and on the ova of the salmon, proving the 



pan to be the young of the salmon. Edinburgh New Philosophical 

 Journal, XXI. 1836, pp, 99-110. Experiments on tbe growth of the 

 salmon. Proc-BoysJ Society, Edinburgh, I., 1838, pp. 178-9, pp. 

 27S-9, Edinburgh ; New Philosophical Journal, XXIV., 1838, pp. 

 165-176. Observations on the growth of tho salmon. London, 

 Smyruan. 1810, p. 11.] 



Gottlieb Boccius claims to have successfully raised young trout 

 at Chalsworth and ITxbridge, Eugland, at- early as 1841. [Bocotna, 

 GoiLiETi: A treatise on the management of fresh-water tlsb, with 

 a view to making them a source of profit to lauded proprietors. 

 London, 1841, 8vo. A treatise ou the production and manage- 

 ment of fish in fresh waters by artificial spawning, breeding and 

 roaring. XXX., London, 1848.] 



In 1854, the Brothers Ashworth hatched 260.000 young salmon at 

 Lough Coixib, in Ireland, and soon after similar enterprises were 

 undertaken for tho River Tay, By Mr. Bamsbottom, and for tho 

 Dee by Mr. Avrton. 



XIV. 1842-1844— Experiments of liemy and Gehin.—Ia the 

 year 1842, according to various French authorities, an illiter- 

 ate fisherman named Joseph Benny, living iu the mountains 

 of Vosges, after studying for some years tho spawning habits 

 of the trout in the brooks about his home, succeeded in fecun- 

 dating and hatching their oggs, and hi footling the young fiah 

 until they were old enough to Bhift for themselves. In the latter 

 part of his undertaking he had an associate named Antoino Gehin. 

 These fishermen were actuated solely by professional zeal, and 

 before their labors became generally know u, bad succeeded in rear- 

 ing to a marketable size several thousands of trout. In 1843, 

 Remy, in a letter to the Prefect of the Vosgea, narrated the results 

 of his experiments, and in the following year' he and his colleague 

 received a premium from a local BOciety— the Society of Emulation 

 of the Vosges. 



An immense stress has been laid upon tho importance of these 

 men to fish culture, particularly by French writers, Quatrefages, 

 Haxo, Milne Edwards, Haim and others, an importance which I 

 am, however, unable to appreciate to tho same extent as they. In 

 the first place, it seems somewhat, improbable that the art o'f fer- 

 tilizing fish egga was, as is usually claimed, an original discovery 

 of these men. Jacobi's experiments had b'Seu published nearly 

 eighty years, and iu the French language, in various popular 

 treatises on fiah and fishery, for fully seventy years. Bemy was 

 not so thoroughly illiterate aa is usually represented, or he could 

 not have communicated his observations iu writing to the provinoia 

 authorities, nor have become a candidate for an award from 

 Scieni ifie society. It seems quite unlikely that tho names of Jacoby 

 and Ctoldsteiu'were to him entirely unfamiliar. Consider, too, 

 that the reputed discovery of Dom P:' ' 



fame, the remotest pi 

 mm v osgea, local exp 

 l hatching the eggs o 



iu the fifteenth century, 

 ofc <I Or, while in Estate 

 lot thirty miles distant 

 a 1820, " had succeeded 

 lining their young to 

 replenish the brooks and creeks of that district." [Millet : op. 

 cit, p. 128.] 



Even the claim that the labors of the Voages men were of im- 

 mense importance to fish culture iu France is not so clearly tenable. 

 When the important essay of Quatrefages waB published in 184S, 

 their work was unknown to its author, and to this essay- all French- 

 men agree in ascribing great influence in stimulating their national 

 efforts in fishoulture. 



I hope it ia not uncharitable to suggest that the chiof Biguiflcance 

 to llsh culture of the work of Bemy and Gehin lies in the oppor- 

 tunity it affordod to France to throw its energies into the field 

 without acknowledgment of indebtedness to Germany. At the 

 same time I am not disposed to deprive their experts of the com- 

 mendation which they deserve for their practical successes in fighr 

 breeding. The French Government, when in 1850, after resolving 

 to make a grand experiment in stocking the waters of Franca witb 

 Osh, seriously considered the question of giving to Bemy and Ge- 

 hin the direction of a portion of the enterprise us a recompense 

 for the merit of having created a new branch of industry in France 



— on encomium which they thoroughly deserved. [Haxo : 



Beflexions sur ITchthyogenie, ou des rents des poissons l'oclosion 

 Epinal : Impremorie de Oabane, 1851. 12mo. German 

 edition, Leipzig, Spamer, 1855. Mit.ne EnwAans, A. : Annates 

 des Sciences, NaturelJea, Paris. 3d series. XIV., 1850, p. 53. Mii- 

 let : op. cit., p. 129. Haime ; op. cit. AunaleB do la Societe 

 d'EmuIation dea Vosges. V., l l 44, p. 301.] 



XV. 1812 — Beginnings of Fishoulture iu 8u<it>erland,—k decree 

 of the Swiss Government, issued in 1842, gave complete instruc- 

 tions to fishermen upon the method of artificially propagating 

 fish. [Vuot : — , Haime : Bevue des Deux Mondes, 1854.] Aa 

 early as 1784Spallanzani, Provost of Geneva, who bad been one of 

 the first to recognize the value of the discovery of Jocobi, pub- 

 lished a treatise " On the Artificial Propagation of Animals and 

 ' which he " 



the Nature of Hermaphrodite! 

 of experiments made by himsi 

 founded the establishment at 

 others. [Boncnos Brunpelev, 

 XVI. im- Revival of Interest 

 —In 184S waa published the oi 

 upon "Artificial Fertilization in 

 which Haime and other French 

 in fish culture, which was for bo 

 resulted iu many improvements 

 may be directly 'attributed the general 

 subject, which soon spread to America and cl 



detailed the resultB 

 If. [Bosoren, 186.] InlS57was 

 Zurich, soon followed by many 

 Rcp ; U. S. F. C, Part H.,'p 575.] 

 ijj Irish i ' tvtiu.rf AfAong the French 

 lfibrated memoir of Quatrefages 

 ESsh Culture," to the influence of 

 vriters attribute the new interest 

 reral years quite absorbing, which 

 in the art, and to which, indeed, 

 f interest on the 

 here, and which 



has'not since abated. [Quatrefaoes, A. De : Dea fecondalions 

 tificielles appliqneea a Felove de pOlBBOna. Comptes Bendua or 

 the Academy of Sciences of Paris. XXVII., 1848, pp. 413-416. 

 Itevuo des Deux Mondes, Jan. 1, 1S49.] 



YYII. 11,-|0 -Km:,, n roo.o, „ ,,' oh Kish f:, !!„-,•: !;,, ti,,_ Freeh 

 'ionniment.—Iu 1S50, Prof. Alphonse Milno Edwards, Dean of 

 the Faculty of Sciences of Paris, was instructed by the French 

 Minister Of Agriculture to ascertain the value or the facts recently 

 published concerning fish culture. He visited England, aud also 

 the establishment of" Bemy and his associate iu the Voages, and 

 published a report, in which he recounted that, the Government 

 takes measures to stock the streams of Fiance with fish. 



In 1850 waa established at Huuingeu, in Alsace, tho first fish 

 breeding station, or " piseifaetory," as it was named by Prof. 

 Caste, Tbe year 1S50 should bo memorable iu the annals of fish 

 culture, since it marks the initiation of public fish culture. To the 

 establishment at Hnningen the world is indebted for some impor- 

 i ant practical hints, but most of aU for its influence upon the policy 

 of governments. The fortunes of war and conquest have noiv 

 thrown Hnningen into the hands of the German government. 

 [Coste (J. J. M.): Notice Historiepie aui 1'etabhssment de pisoi- 

 culture de Huningon. PariH ( 1850. Instruction pratiques Bur la 

 pisciculture, survies de memoirea et de rapputa sur lo memo suiet. 

 Avec figures, Paris, Maason, 1853, 12mo DETZE* et Beetol: 

 Focondation Artifieiel.le des Poissona. Mem. de la Soc. d'Euiula- 

 tiou des Dnnbs, 1851.] 



XVn. 1850— Beginning of Public Fishcullure in Norway,— In 



1850 the Storthing" or Peeli.. t ..u Bue.iij ..iie.1 S.fa'iO jp,..,-,,,, 



thaler* for tbe prosecution of fiBh culture. Norway is thus entitled 

 to share with France the honor of pioneership in fish culture, though, 

 by reason of her remoteness, her influence has not been so extended. 

 [Hajvhe, op. cit., p. 160]. It is worthy of mention that about 1850 

 the art of fish culture was again independent!} discovered by one 

 Jacob Sandungen. a Norwegian peasant. [Mows : op. cit.) 



XTX. Beginnings of Fish Culture in Finhiml.— For a third or 

 fourth time the art of fish culture waa indopcmleut.lv discovered 

 by a Finniah peasant, named lUntta Thomasaon Waliiia about tho 

 year 1852. [Moi.in : op. cit-, p. 7.J 



In 1857 H. J. Hoimberg was sent by tbe Russian Government to 

 Sweden and Norway to see how far the methoda of fish culture 

 then employed were applicable to Finland. [Molin p. 10.] 



In 1862, through the labors of Hoimberg, who in that year be- 

 came inspector of pisciculture in that country, the first breeding 

 station waB establiahed. In 1873 there were already ten largo et- 

 taplishfnents in this province. [fiotroAEiiVicz : Bep. IT. 8- F. O., 

 Part n., p. 512.] 



[TO BE CONTDItmDJ. 



Holablrd Shooting Suite. UptOiegrova is McLollan, Valparaiso, Ind. 



