Jxrars 9, 1881. J 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



351 



. we were trying to push oil his boat to pick up the birds they 

 one by one recovered strength euoug to fly away and left 

 nothing but feathers on the water. It then occurred to me 

 that the big gun should have done better execution, and I 

 told its owner to put in the ramrod and try if it went oft. He 

 did so and found the charge in the gun. Then his remarks 

 on the situation would discount "our army in Flanders." — 



RoKEBY. 



Why do Hop Bitten cure s:> ran -li ? Bscf'iiw thee we good diges- 

 tiou, Uen blood and healthy action ul all the organs. 



f#* and §iver JgishittQ. 



FISH FN SKASOIY IN JTHVE. 



FKBSB 

 Brook Trout, SalveKnusfontinalis. 

 Rulnbow Trout, aalmo iridea. 

 Dolly Varden Trout, Sulcdimm 



I Stizotethiuvi americanuvi, S. 



arisenm, etc. 

 I yellow Perch, Pcna Jhmiatilis, 

 Striped Bass, tewi uneutus. 

 Griylng, Th;:ma!ius tricolor and I White Bass, i:<«-ew> cnri/Hops. 



I KOck Bass, Amblopliten. (Two 



Black Bus-;, )iirr 

 and 11, ijhUMh* 



Pickerel, /.;,..* ,,i 



v,h-„ 



iVcs I 





OlltU, ChwuGbrt/UHxijuloiiHii. 

 J CrapplC, i'ort'frrr.i nifrror.tacnlalun. 

 :a. Bachelor, Piohozyx annularis. 



pike) I Chub, SfmvtiUs corporalia. 



SALT WATER. 



uijuitrarius. 1 Pollock, PotuickH 



or Blackflsh, Tautoya 



Sea Bass,, «mf,v/ 

 Sinned Has.",, fei- 



While Perch. ,Un 



Blueflsh or Taylor, Pmnnhnw* i We tktish or Squet9gue,Oi/rte.»f«",i 



saltarix | regalia 



SCUp or Poi'gie Steno'.vmns aryyrops. 



Fishino About New York. — We are preparod to direct anglers 

 to fishing resorts easily accessible from this city. This informa- 

 tion will be given upon personal application to this office or to 

 those who may inclose self-addressed envelope. The kind of fish- 

 ing, the distance and the time to be spent should be stated. 



Though cheviot's top he rrosty still, 



He's green fcelaw the knee, 

 Sae don your plaid an' tak' your gad 



An' gaug awa' wl' me. 

 The pools are glittering 1' the heam, 



The primrose otooms in Brlnkburn Ha' ; 

 The sawmon's lylri' v the stream, 



1 ne western breezes sattly Waw. 



HINTS FROM AN OLD ANGLER. 



KEEP your flies from moths in tight vessels (wide-mouth 

 glass bottles, small preserve jars, etc.), except when 

 on your vacation angling. 



Before gong into the woods provide yourselves with cotton 

 gloves with elastic wristbands, to which add light silesia or 

 light twilled cotton gauntlets, with elastic bands. Let the 

 gauntlets reach above and outside of the coat sleeve, to half- 

 way to elbow. Clip the ends of thumb and forefinger stall of 

 gloves, for convenience in bailing your hook or handling 

 your flics. A lace bag veil, with eiastic cord to close up on 

 your hat and long enough and wide enough to tuck in under 

 your coat collar, will be of comfort during some blackfly 

 davs as well as nights when insects pester you 



Take a botlle of tar and oil to keep off black flies and other 

 insect pests (^ tar, ^ olive oil). Don't, turn up your nose as 

 to the tar and oil uutil you have tried it. I have used it for 

 twenty years in preference to all other preparations, and my 

 nose is on its line yet 



Always carry India-rubber (such as is sold by stationers), 

 to smooth out and straighten your sinew or worm gut on 

 hooks and fl ; es. 



Take a supply of guide rings end strips of metal, with 

 plenty of thread. You may break your fly rod and have to 

 extemporise one from a youug cedar or wild cherry. One 

 made in this way will give satisfaction to the user, if not to 

 the home rod maker. 



The use of cotton gloves has a further use than above- 

 me'ntioued. You can hold a fish without it slipping through 

 your lingers, and they will prevent your hands getting sun- 

 burnt. W. 



FISH IN MINNESOTA. 



NOW that the season has opened, let me claim a 

 corner and relate to ihe interested readers of the 

 Fo-est and Stkbam a ale so harrowing of death among the 

 finny beauties that it will make you all "feel like coining and 

 joinlnn- in the battle. But come, there's room for you, fish 

 for yon and welcome for you all. Two weeks ago Detroit 

 Luke once more cast off its icy fetters, and sparkled again in 

 the shining light. We open our season here with the spear 

 and pitch-fork: As soon as the ice goes out the pickerel be- 

 gin m run up the Felicon River which is about twenty feet 

 wide by afoot deep, and very swift current. Then thesuckers 

 follow, then the buffalo fish and redhorse, until the river is 

 literally a mass of fish, and wheu you descend in a boat they 

 move ahead in a mass that raises the water a fool, and it 

 flows over them like a cataract. They literally dam the 

 stream. Large numbers of them are speared, and the Nor- 

 wegian farmers secure wagon loads, and salt them down for 

 summer use. Their method is to post a man in a bend of 

 the river, another will walk down in the water driving the 

 fish before him while the o'her fellow will scoop them out 

 with a common fork, and they secure a wagon box full in a 

 few hours. But the people soon lire of this barbarous mode 

 of sport. Black basB and wall-eyed pike soon after will take 

 the hook and then comes the sp rt. 



Yesterday morning myself and partner started out to try 

 our band on the bass and wall-eyes, and six o'clock saw us 

 with our minnows, rods and all, headed across the lake for 

 the fishimr grounds. But they didn't bite. No ; in three 

 hours we only catiuht three Ash, two rock bass and one wall- 

 eve We were determined not to give up without trying 

 again so we portaged out boat a'>out a quarter of a mile to 

 another neck of the lake, and tried again. This time we had 

 better luck. 1 bad a new rod which I.was desirous of trying 

 and I soon had the chauce. The first one I hooked was a 

 large pickerel, and he put the rod to a good test. Igave 

 him about fifty feet of line and he then slacked up, and I 

 had him pretty well tuckered out when he gave a lunge and 

 "a w^y into the unknown depths." Then they began to bite 

 lively, and we soon landed about fifty pounds among which 



were four fine big-mouth bass which weighed about three or 

 four pounds. My rod stood the test like a charm, and bent 

 nearly double sometimes without a crack. We then started 

 homeland after losing a fine trolling hook and line arrived 

 home without any further mishap at 3 p. m., and then took 

 our breakfast and dinner in one, but we made up for lost 

 time in a hurry. We considered this rather poor luck, and 

 hope for better success next time. 



To-day I saw the finest lot of fish I have seen for many a 

 day. Four gentlemen started at noon for Lake Sally about 

 three miles from town, and at six they returned, and proud- 

 ly, loo, for they had just reason. Two hundred and fifty 

 pounds composed their "pile," and it was a sight to behold. 

 Fourteen of their largest bass weighed exactly fifty pounds, 

 and the largest one "tipped the beam " at six pounds. They 

 caught, them in a few hours, and they report that the fish 

 bit as fast as the Hues were thrown. 



We are soon to go off on a trip, and its account will be 

 duly furnished to the Forest and Btkbam readers. Look 

 out for ten-pound bass stories. Hiawatha. 



THE SALMON1D2E OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 



FROM advance sheets of " Proceedings of United States 

 National Museum" we take the following list of the 

 salmon family of our western coast. It is embodied 

 in "Notes on the Fishes of the Pacific Coast of the United 

 States " by David 8. Jordan and Charles H. Gilbert. 



We have given some account of the revision of this inter- 

 esting family by Prof. Jordan and Mr. Gilbert before, but 

 it was merely a list of species and their synonyms and the 

 changes in nomenclature, but in the present case we have 

 the name, some of the synonyms, common names, seasons, 

 habits and other important items, as well as a table showing 

 the distinguishing marks of the five different species of 

 salmon. 



FAMILY SAtMONIDJE. 



52. SalveUnus mama ( W alb.) J. & G.— Dolly Varden Trout ; 



Bull Trout | Salmon Trout. 

 (Salmo. -peelabilis. Gid.; Salmo campbelU, Suckley; Sabnolordi, 

 Gunthcr; Salmo tudes, Cope; Salmo callarias, Pallas ; 

 Salmo bairdii, Suckley. ) 

 Abundant in lakes and streams of the Cascade Range from 

 Mount Shasta northward to Alaska. Large numbers are 

 found in the salt waters of Puget Sound, where they are 

 taken in seines and with hook and line. 



In the mountains it is usually quite small ; in the lakes 

 larger. At Seattle and in Frazer's Kiver it often reaches a 

 weight of 13 pounds. It is an excellent food-fish. It feeds 

 on sticklebacks (salmon-killers), herring and other small 

 fish. 



53. Salmo iridem, Gibbons.— California Brook Trout ; Rain- 



bow Trout. 

 From Mount Shasta to San Luis Rey River, in streams of 

 the Coast Range and west slope of the Sierra Nevada Less 

 common north of California, and seldom seen in salt water. 

 It is not often sent lo the. market of San Francisco. It seems 

 to be much smaller in size than the other speciesof the coast, 

 rarely becoming more than 18 inches in length. The largest 

 specimens seen are from McLloud River, and very deep 

 bodied. 



54. Salmo gairdneri, Hichardson.— Steel-head; Hard-head: 



Black Salmon. 

 (Salmo truncalut Suckley.) 

 Found in the mouths of the large rivers from the Colum- 

 bia northward, and occas onally in the Sacramento. It ap- 

 pears with the salmon and is usually thought to be migratory, 

 but is probably not so, or migratory to a small degree. It 

 spawns later than the salmon and most of the individuals 

 taken during the lime of the salmon run in the spring are 

 spent, and their flesh is of no value. In other rivers than 

 the Columbia and at other seasons it is esteemed an excel- 

 lent food-fish. Its length is about that of an ordinary 

 Quinnat salmon ; the body is less deep and the tail heavier. 

 The usual weight is from 14 to 18 pounds. It is never canned, 

 as the flesh is pale and grows paler when boiled, and the 

 bones are firm and stiff. 



55. Salmo pwpuratus. Pallas.— Oregon Brook Trout; Salmon 



Trout; Lake Trout 

 (Salmo clarki, Rich.) 

 Very abundant in all waters north of Mount Shasta and 

 through the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region ; oc- 

 casional southward to Santa Cruz. Found in abundance in 

 salt water in Puget Sound and about the mouth of the Colum- 

 bia. It is usually seen of but 2 to 8 or 10 pounds in weight, 

 but occasional specimens, weighing as much as 25 pounds, are 

 taken in the Columbia in summer (C. J. Smith). These lat- 

 ter are known usually as steel-heads, although the common 

 steel-head is S. gairdneri; the young as brook trout, and the 

 partly grown as salmon trout. This is the most widely dis- 

 tributed of our trout, and it. is subject to many variations. 



56. Or.corhyr.diu.s mutch (Walb.), J. & G.— Cobo Salmon of 

 Frazer's River ; Silver Salmon ; Kisutch : Bielaya Ryba. 

 Skewitz. 



Sacramento River to Puget Sound and northward ; very 

 abundant in summer and fall It is rarely taken in the Co- 

 lumbia in the spring, but great numbers run up the river in 

 the fall. It is one of the smallest of the salmon, reaching a 

 length of about 30 inches and a weight of 4 to 8 pounds. As 

 a food fish it ranks with the young of 0. chouiaha, which it 

 much resembles. It may be readily distinguished by the few 

 (40 50) pyloric coeca. In O. ehouiclia there are about 180 

 pyloric coeca. In fall the males become greatly distorted and 

 hook-jawed, and specimens in every stage can be found in 

 late summer. , 



57. Oiimrhynrhtix diuwrha (Walb.), J. & G.— Quinnat Sal- 

 mon ; King Salmon ; Chouicha ; Chinnook Salmon ; 

 Spring Salmon; Columbia River Salmon; Sacramento 

 Salmon ; Winter Salmon ; White Salmon. Sawkwey. 



From Ventura Kiver northward to Behring's Straits, as- 

 cending Sacramento, Rogue's, Klamath, Columbia and 

 Frazer's rivers in spring, as well as the streams of Alaska, 

 Kamtschatka, Japan anil Northern China; in fall ascending 

 these ard probably all other rivers in greater or less abun- 

 dance; the young taken in Monterey Bay, Puget Sound, 

 etc , in summer, in considerable numbers. This salmon, by 

 far the most important fish in our Pacific waters, reaches a 

 weight of about 70 pounds. The average in the Columbia 

 River is about 22 pounds ; in the Sacramento River about 18; 

 in other rivers usually still smaller. 



58 OncorJiynohus nerka (Walbainn) Gill, & Jordan.— Blue- 

 back; Sukkeye ; Red fish ; Rascal; Frazer's River Sal- 

 mon ; Krasnaya Ryba. . . 



From Columbia River to the Aleutian Islands ; the princi- 

 pal salmon of Frazer's River; unknown in Eel River, 

 Rogue River and in the Sacramento. In the Columbia 



River it is much less abundant than the Quinnat salmon, 

 and its flesh is less firm and paler. It reaches a 

 weight of 5 to 8 pounds, four "blue-backs" being 

 counted at. the canneries equal to one Chinnook salmon. It 

 runs chiefly in the spring, few of them being seen on Frazer's 

 River or the Columbia in the fall. Like the Quinnat, it as- 

 cends streams to great distances. It is known in the fall as 

 redfish, In the upper courses of the Columbia and Frazer's 

 River this species and the preceding are the only salmon 

 found. The blue-back, iu all its protean forms, can readily 

 be distinguished by the much longer and more numerous gill- 

 rakers. 



59. Oncorhynchus fata (Walb.), G. & J.— Dog Salmon; 



Quarlsch ; Kayko ; Le Kai. 

 San Francisco to Behring's Straits ; very abundant in the 

 fall, when it runs in all stteams, but not to a great distance. 

 Not seen by us anywhere in the spring. It reaches a weight 

 of 12 to 20 pounds. As it is taken only in fall, after the de- 

 velopment of the organs of generation has caused the deteri- 

 oration of the flesh, it has little economic value. Considera- 

 ble numbers are salted or dried by the Indians. 



60. Oncorhynclius gorbuscha (Walbaum), Gill & Jordan.— 



Humpback Salmon ; Haddo ; Hone ; Holia. 



Sacramento River northward to the Arctic Sea ; abundant 

 in Puget Sound on alternate years, 1880 being a year of 

 scarcity. Occasionally 6een in the Columbia and Sacra- 

 mento, but not sufficiently abundant to constitute a distinct 

 run. It reaches a weight of 3 to 7 pounds, being the smallest 

 of the salmon. The females are canned in summer and fall, 

 the hook-iawed males being rejected. 



The following table gives some of the specific characters of 

 the species of Oncorhynehm. The figures given are the 

 averages ol variation, so far as known: 



' 



«¥ 



Kisutch.. 



Chouicha 



Keta 



Nerka... 



Gorbuscha .. 



Z 



13- U 

 16-19 

 1S-14 



!a-ir, 



12 



*j 



Back and tall spatted. 



No spots anywhere In spring; 

 'oung with vague spots on 

 lack; tall speckled In tall. 



Back and tail spotted. 



61. Bypomems pretioms (Girard), Gill.— Surf Smelt. 

 From Monterey to Alaska ; very abundant north of San 



Fiancisco, and often seen in the San Francisco markets. It 

 deposits its spawn in the surf in the spring. It reaches a 

 length of nearly a foot and becomes very fat. As a pan- 

 fish it, ranks very high, being scarcely inferior to the eulachon. 

 The Eypomesus olidus of Kamtschatka has been shown by 

 Dr. Rean to be a different species, spawning in fresh waters. 



62. ThateirJiHiys pacificus (Richardson), Grd.— Eulachon ; 



Hoolakin; Candlefish; Greasefish ; Smelt. 

 From Oregon northward, ascending tbe rivers in spring in 

 enormous numbers, but not for a great distance. It is es- 

 pecially numerous in Frazer's River and Nass River, and 

 very many ascend the Columbia. The run in Frazer's River 

 takes place in May. They are exceedingly fat, and when dry- 

 are said to burn like a candle. On Nass River is a factory 

 for the manufacture of eulachon oil, intended as a substitute 

 for cod-liver oil. The fact that eulachon oil is semi-solid os 

 lard-like at ordinary temperature is a serious hindrance to itr 

 salability for this purpose. When fresh, the eulachon is one 

 of the very finest of pan-fishes, and many of them are sent 

 to the markets of Victoria. Pickled eulachons are sent to 

 San Francisco. It reaches a length of a little less than a 



63. Otmerus thaleichthys, Ayres.— Smelt. 

 From Monterey northward ; rather common, but not in 

 such great numbers as the surf smelt and the eulachon. It 

 is smaller and less valuable than these. Little distinctive is 

 known of its habits. Those brought into market are usually 

 soft, and are less salable than the spurious " smelt," Ather- 

 tnopm, with which they are often mixed. It is rarely more 

 than 6 inches iu length, 



64. Omierm attenwitm, Lockington.— Smelt- 

 Everywhere tound with the preceding, and scarcely less 

 common. Nothing distinctive is known of its h ibits, and it 

 may possibly turn out to be the female of the same species. 



THE COOKING OF THE CARP. 



MRS. AMELIA LEWIS, editor of that useful paper. 

 Food and Bealth, says : 

 There are various ways of cooking the carp in an appe- 

 tizing manner. We shall mention them here : 1. To plain 

 broil it, 2. To stew it in gravy. 3. To bake it when stuffed. 



1. To plain broil it. Scale and clean the carp well, dry it, 

 wrap it round with a piece of larded paper and now put it on 

 Ihe pan that has been slightly greased. When done, sprinkle 

 a few drops of lemon juice over it, if you prefer it. 



2. To stew it in gravy. Make a gravy with a small piece 

 of melted butter, some" flour stirred into it, add a couple of 

 shalots chopped very fine, some peppercorns, mace, two 

 cloves, salt, and now amalgamate with a little warm water. 

 Put in, additionally, some claret or port, or, if you do not 

 wish to use these, some malt vinegar and a spoonful of sauce 

 or mushroom catsup, also a couple of lemon slices. Place 

 your carp into the sauce, either whole, cut in half or in 

 pieces, according to its size/cover up tight and let gently 

 simmer for half an hour or so. Some put a few slices of ham 

 under ihe carp. The carp and gravy, eaten with potatoes, 

 salad, parsnips and cabbage stewed or mushrooms, make a 

 very good dish. 



8- To bake carp when stuffed.— Clean the carp and pre- 

 pare your stuffing, some bread, finely chopped suet, a little 

 parsley and thyme, a small chopped onion, pepper, salt and 

 nutmeg, chopped lemon peel, moistened with the yolka of 

 two eggs, stuff the fish with it and tie up. _„„, 



Wrap ihe fish in greased paper, and either place butter in 



