TURDIN.E. 



shorter than the middle toe, rather strong, and covered in front with an entire scale. Toes rather long 

 and strong ; the outer toe rather longer than the inner, and united at the base ; the hind toe long and 

 strong ; the claws moderate, curved, and acute. 



The species inhabit Nepal and the Indian Archipelago. 



1. Z. monticola Vigors, Proc. Z. S. 18:31. p. 172., Gould, Cent, j 2. Z. Andromeda (Temm.) Hartl. PL col. 392. — Type of Myio- 

 of Birds, pi. 22. — Turdus rostratus Hodys. \ phaga Less. 1831. 



Turdus Linn.* 



Bill as long, or nearly as long, as the head, with the culmen curved, and the sides gradually 

 compressed to the tip, which is emarginated ; the gonys long, and rather ascending ; the gape furnished 

 with short weak bristles ; the nostrils basal and lateral, with the opening oval and exposed. Wings 

 moderate ; with the first quill very short ; the second rather shorter than the third and fourth, 

 which are equal, and longest. Tail moderate, broad, and slightly emarginated. Tarsi as long as the 

 middle toe, and covered in front by an entire scale. Toes moderate ; the outer toe rather longer than 

 the inner, and slightly united at the base ; the claws moderate, curved, and acute. 



These birds are found in all parts of the globe. They are of a shy disposition, and are in a greater or less degree of 

 migratory habits : thus the European species appear in the more temperate parts during the winter, when several 

 of the species are observed in large flocks, and return to the northern countries on the approach of summer. Some of 

 the species more usually frecruent the forests, outskirts of woods, the thickets and bushes of extensive pastures and 

 meadows, while others prefer rocky mountainous countries for their retreat. Worms, larva? of insects, and the animals 

 of shells form their chief subsistence, while in the winter they resort to the berries of various plants. Many of the 

 species emit a loud whistling note, which during some seasons is turned into a pleasing song, that is usually poured 

 forth from the highest branches of small trees. The nest is formed of coarse grass and moss, or wool closely 

 interwoven, with the inside sometimes plastered with a composition of rotten wood and clay. It is usually placed in 

 bushes, or on the sides of large trees. The eggs are four or five in number. 



1. T. viscivorus Linn. PI. enl. 489., Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 77.— 

 Type of Ixocossyphus Kaup (1829). 



2. T. pilaris Linn. PI. enl. 490. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 76. — 

 Turdus musicus Pall. ; Type of Arceuthornis Kaup (1829). 



3. T. musicus Linn. PI. enl. 406., Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 78. f. 1. 

 — Turdus pilaris Pall. 



4. T. iliucus Linn. PL enl. 51., Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 78. f. 2. 



5. T. pallidus Gmel. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 80. — Turdus pallens 

 Pall.; T. iliacus var. pallidus Naum. 



6. T. auroreus Pall. Zoogr. i. p. 

 Naum. Vog. Deutschl. t. 69. f. 2. ; 

 (1829). 



7. T. varius Horsf. Linn. Trans, xii 



448. — Turdus Bechsteinii 

 Type of Cichloides Kaup 



. p. 149. Zool. lies, in Java, 



pi. . — Type of Oreocincla Gould (1837). 



8. T.lanulatus Lath. Lamb. Icon. ined. ii. 41. — Oreocincla 

 novfE hollandia; Gould; Turdus varius Viy. 8f Horsf. 



9. T. macrochynchus Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837, p. 145. 



10. T. Whitei Eyton, Rarer Brit. Birds, p. 92., Gould, B. of 

 Eur. pi. 81. 



11. ? T. Dauma Lath. — Turdus varius (Horsf.) Blyth; Turdus 

 Whitei (Eyton) Hodys. ; Oreocincla parvirostris Gould. 



12. T. mollissimus Blyth, Journ. A. S. B. 1842, p. 188.— 

 Oreocincla rostrata Hodys. Ann. of Nat. Hist. xv. 326. ; Turdus vis- 

 civorus Hodys. ; T. oreocincloides Hodys. 



13. T. micropus Hodgs. App. List of Mamm. and Birds, p. 154. 



14. T. modestus Eyton, Proc. Z. S. 1839. P- 103. 



15. T. merula Linn. PI. enl. 2. 555. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 72. 

 — Merula vulgaris Ray ; Type of Merula Leach (1816.). 



* Established by Linnsus in 1735. Merula of Leach (1816), Ixocossyphus, Arceuthornis, Cichloides, and Copsichus of Dr. Kaup 

 (1829) are coequal. It embraces Monticola of M. Boie (1842) ; this name he changed to Petrocossyphus in 1826, with which Petrocincla 

 of Vigors is synonymous. Petrophila of Mr. Swainson (1837), which name, having already been employed, was changed by me to Orocetes 

 in 1840, and also Geocichla of Dr. Kuhl (182?) are synonymous with the name given above. 



7 G 



