PIPRIM. 



the middle toe. Toes rather short, the lateral toes unequal, the outer the longest and united to beyond 

 the second joint, the third long and strong ; the claws rather short, compressed, curved and acute. 



The numerous species of this genus are found in the tropical portions of America. They inhabit the hot humid 

 woods, on the skirts of which they live in small flocks, searching for insects and small fmi(s. They are very lively and 

 restless in their habits, and are frequently seen on the ground, or now and then on low branches of trees, and sometimes 

 even perched for a long period together near the top of some high tree. The note of one of the species has been com- 

 pared to the sound produced in cracking a nut. 



1. P. caudata Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi. 153. — Pipra longicauda 

 Vieill. Swains. B. of Br. pi. 45., Spix, Av. Bras. t. 6. f. 1, 2., 

 Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. 1822. t. 7. f. 1. 



2. P. militaris Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi. 849. — Pip™ rubrifrons 



3. P. melanocephala Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xix, p. 163. — 

 Pipra lanceolata, Wagl. 



4. P. linearis Pr. Bonap. Proc. Z.S. 1837. p. 113., Voy. Sulphur, 

 Birds, pi. 20. — Pipra fastuosa Less. 



5. P.filicauda Spix, Av. Bras. t. 8. f. 1.— Pipra fffifera Less. 



6. P. pareola Linn. PI. enl. 687. f. 2. 303. f. 2. — Pipra sgitha- 

 loides Licht., Edwards' Birds, pi. 36 1., Swains. B. of Br. pi. 44., 

 Desm. Tanag. & Manak. t. 50, 51, 52, 53. 



7. P. pareoloides D'Orb. & Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1838. p. 165. 



S. P. cinerea Bodd. PI. enl. 687. f. 1 Pipra atricapilla Gmel. 



(Tityra?). 



9. P. pileata Natt. PI. col. 172. f. 1. 



10. P. manacus Linn. PI. enl. 302. f. 1., Edwards' Birds, 

 pi. 260. f. 1., PI. enl. 303. f. 1. — Pipra gutturosa Desm. Tanag. 4- 

 Manak. t. 59., Swains. B. of Br. pi. 26. 



11. P. candei Parz. Rev. Zool. 1841. p. 4l6., Mag. de Zool. 

 1 843. t. 45. 



12. P. vitellina Gould, Proc. Z.S. 1843. p. 103., Voy. Sulphur, 

 Birds, pi. 21. 



13. P. serena Linn. PL enl. 324. f. 2., Desm. Tanag. & Manak. 

 t. 63, 64. 



14. P. gutturalis Linn. PI. enl. 324. f. 1., Desm. Tanag. & Manak. 

 t. 62. 65. 



15. P. erythrocephala Linn. PL enl. 34. f. 1., Edwards' Birds, 

 pi. 21., Desm. Tanag. & Manak. t. 60, 6l. — Pipra aurocapilla, 

 Licht. 



16. P. rubrocapilla Briss. PL col. 54. f. 3. — Pipra erythrocephala 

 var. Lath. 



17- P. erythrolophos Vieill. Ency. Meth. i. p. 390. 



18. P. comuta Spix, Av. Bras. t. 7. f. 1. 



19. P. chloromeros Tschudi, Faun. Per. p. 11. 



20. P. aureola Linn. PL enl. 34. f. 3., Edwards' Birds, pi. 26l. 

 f. 2., Desm. Tanag. & Manak. t. 54, 55, 56, 57., PL enl. 302. f. 2., 

 Edwards' Birds, pi. 83. f. 2., Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi. 249. 



21. V.fasciata D'Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 38. 



22. P. leucocilla Linn. PL enl. 34. f. 2., Edwards' Birds, pi. 26., 

 Desm. Tanag. & Manak. t. 50. — Pipra leucocephala Linn. 



23. P. eyanocapilla Wagl. Isis, 1830. p. 934 Pipra coronata 



Spix, Av. Bras. t. 67. f. 1. 



24. P. cceruleocapilla Tschudi, Faun. Per. p. 11. 



25. P. chrysoptera Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1 843. p. 97., Mag. de Zool. 

 1843. Ois. t. 44. 



26. P. chloris Natt. PL col. 1 72. f. 2. 



27. P. strigalata Pr. Max. Reise. i. p. 168., PL col. 54. f. 1. 2., 

 Swains. B. of Br. pi. 25. — Pipra lineata Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. 

 1822. p. 284. t. 8. f. 1. 



28. P. striolata Pr. Bonap. Proc. Z. S 1837. p. 122. 



29. P. galeata Licht. Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus., Swains. B. of Br. 

 pi. 23.— Pipra VViedii, Less.; Type of Metopia, Swains. (1831.) 



30. P. torquata Gmel. Seba, 1. t. 57- f. 3. 



31. P. cristata Gmel. Seba, 1. t. 59. f. 4. 



32. P. rubetra Gmel. Seba, 1. t. 102. f. 4. 



33. P. grisea Gmel. Seba, 1. 1. 70. f. 7. 



34. ? P cinerea Gmel. 



35. ? P. plumbea Vieill. Ency. Meth. 388., Azara, No. iii. 



36. ? P. nigricollis Gmel. 



37. ? P. hcemorrhoa Gmel. 



38. ? P. pectoralis Lath. 



39. ? P. picicitli Lath. 



40. ? P. miacatototl Lath. 



Rupicola Briss.* 



Mil moderate, robust, and broad at the base, with the culmen curved, and the sides compressed to the 

 tip, which is emarginated ; the gonys straight and slightly ascending ; the nostrils lateral and large, with 

 the opening ovoid, partly closed by a membrane, and entirely hidden by the plumes that hang over the 

 bill. Wings moderate, the first quill of the male emarginated, and narrowed for some length from the 



* Brisson established this genus in 1760 (Ornithologie). Orinus of Nitzsch (1840) is synonymous. 



