

PIPKIN jE. 



tip, while in the female it is simply acute, the fourth and fifth of both sexes equal and longest. Tail 

 short and even. Tarsi as long as the middle toe, robust and partly covered by the plumes. Toes long 

 and strong, the outer toe longer than the inner, and united beyond the second joint, and the inner at 

 the base, the hind toe long and strong, the claws long, curved and acute. 



These beautiful birds are found in the warmer parts of South America. They dwell in the extensive woods or in 

 the precipitous places that have been formed by the large torrents, where the sexes are met with in separate bands of 

 few individuals. They are more usually seen on the low branches or on the fallen trees that have been rooted up by 

 hurricanes. Their flight is low, and they seem restless, and are frequently observed making quick and fluttering 

 motions while on the branches, but sometimes remain stationary in one place for a long time. Their food consists of the 

 fruits of a species of laurel or of a psychotria, of the small berries of an anonacea, and of the berry-shaped capsules of a 

 rhinanthea. The note of these birds is a hoarse repetition of the syllable ket-ket-ket forcibly repeated in a very sharp 

 tone. The females build their nest in a sinuosity of the rocks, sheltering it under a projecting point. It is properly of 

 a circular form, but occasionally varied by the bendings of the rocks, and is composed of a tissue of fibres of roots, plas- 

 tered externally with moistened earth, and lined internally with finer vegetable fibres and hair. The young do not 

 quit the nest until they are nearly full grown. 



1 . R. crocea Bonn. PI. enl. 39. 747 Pipra rupicola Linn. ; 



Rupicola aurantia Vieill. ; R. cayana Swains. ; R. elegans Steph., 

 Levaill. Hist. Nat. Roll. t. 51, 52, 53. 



2. R. peruviana (Lath.) PI. enl. 745.. Levaill. Hist. Nat. Roll, 

 t. 54. 



Calyptomena Raffi.* 



Bill short, rather depressed, and very broad at the base, with the culmen and lateral margins curved 

 and the sides compressed to the tip, which is emarginated ; the gonys short and ascending ; the nostrils 

 lateral, with the opening rounded and concealed by the projecting plumes of the crest. Wings long, 

 with the third and fifth quills equal and rather shorter than the fourth, which is the longest. Tail very 

 short and slightly rounded. Tarsi as long as the hind toe, strong and covered in front with broad 

 scales. Toes long, with the outer toe longer than the inner, and united beyond the second joint, the 

 hind toe long and strong, the claws moderate, curved and acute. 



This bird is found in the retired parts of the forests of Sumatra and Singapore. It is usually observed perched on 

 the highest branches of the trees, and its food is considered to consist entirely of vegetable substances. 



C. viridis Raffl. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 295. ; Horsf. Zool. Res. t. . ; Rupicola viridis Temm. PI. col. 21 6 Calyptomena Rafflesii, et 



C. caudacuta, Swains. 



Established by Raffles in 1821 (Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 296'.). 



November, 1846". 



