

CAMPEPHAGINiE. 



placed in a sunken groove, rounded, and concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, and with 

 the third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail lengthened, and much graduated on 

 the sides. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe, slender, and covered in front with narrow scales. Toes 

 moderate, with the lateral ones nearly equal ; the hind toe moderate ; the claws moderate, much curved 

 and acute. 



These showy birds are found in various parts of India and its archipelago. They inhabit in pairs the woody districts, 

 either in the jungle, or the. hedges and avenues near houses. When first discovered, they usually hide themselves 

 among the foliage as quickly as possible. They are restless birds, flying from tree to tree within a certain space, 

 examining the foliage of the high branches of the lofty trees for various insects and their larva?, and may occasionally be 

 seen hanging from the slender twigs like a titmouse, while examining the branches. 



1. P. miniatus (Terara.) Boie, PL col. 156. 



2. V.flammeus (Forst.) Zool. Ind. p. 25. pi. 15., Temm, PL col. 

 263., Swains. Zool. III. n. s. pi. 52., Jerd 111. Ind. OrnRh. pi. 11. 



3 P. speciosus (Lath.) Strickl. — Muscicapa princeps Vigors, 

 Proc. Z. S. 1830. p. 22., Gould, Cent, of Birds, pi. 7. 



4. P. brevirostris (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 43., Gould, Cent, 

 of Birds, pi. 8. 



5. P. elegans M'Clell. Proc. Z. S. 1839. p. 156. 



6. P. affinis M'Clell. Proc. Z. S. 1839. p. 157- 



7. P. peregrinus (Linn.) Mus. Carls, t. 48. — Parus coccineus 

 Gmel, ; P. indicus Sparrm. Mus. Carls, t. 50. ; Motacilla cinna- 

 momea Linn. Gould, Cent, of B. pi. 9- 



8. ? P. subjlavus (Vieill.) Ency. Meth. p. 817., Le Vaill. Ois. 

 d'Afr. t. 155. f. 2. 



9. P. roseus (Vieill.) N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. p. 486. 



10. P. erythropygius (Jerd.) Bl. 



Campephaga Vieill.* 



Bill short, and broad at the base, with the culmen rather depressed, slightly curved, and the sides 

 gradually compressed to the tip, which is emarginated ; the gonys long, and slightly ascending ; the 

 gape furnished with a few short bristles ; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and concealed by the 

 frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill short, the second shorter than the third, and the 

 third more or less shorter than the fourth, which is the longest. Tail long, broad, and rounded on the 

 sides. Tarsi short, the length of the middle toe, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes moderate, 

 the inner toe shorter than the outer, which is united at its base ; the hind toe moderate and broad, 

 padded beneath ; the claws moderate, compressed, and curved. 



These birds are found in Africa, India, its archipelago, and Australia. They are shy and wary, and are usually seen 

 flying from tree to tree, slowly and carefully searching among the foliage of the lofty trees, examining the leaves 

 separately for all kinds of soft insects, such as caterpillars, mantides, and grasshoppers, and they occasionally feed on the 

 fruits of the banyan trees. They continue their search, hopping from branch to branch, till the tree has been entirely 

 inspected, when they fly off together to another tree. Their flight is undulating, powerful, and performed with few 

 vibrations of the wings ; they rarely fly except to pass from one portion of the forest to another, or occasionally to take 

 insects on the wing, as they pass within a certain distance of them while perched on a branch. The eggs are usually 

 two in number, and are deposited in a nest placed in the fork of a branch ; it is entirely composed of small dead twigs, 

 firmly matted together with a very fine white downy substance like a cobweb, and a species of lichen, and is extremely 

 shallow. 



* Established by Vieillot in 1816 {Analyse, %c. p. 39.). Ceblephyris (1817) of Cuvier is synonymoi 

 Cuvier (1817), Lalage of M. Boie (1826), with which Erucivara of Mr. Swainson (1831) is synonymou 

 (1837), Lanicterus of M. Lesson (1838), and Symmorphus of Mr. Gould (1837)- 



It embraces Graucalus of 

 Folvocivora of Mr. Hodgson 



