

LANIINJ2. 



These birds are found in India, its archipelago, and Africa (?). They are generally seen singly or in small flocks in 

 the forests or open jungles, slowly climbing and hopping about the branches of trees, examining among the foliage for 

 coleopterous and orthopterous insects, and the larvae of the other orders. They will also at times make a swoop after 

 an insect that flies within a short distance of the branch on which the bird may be perched. 



1. T. indica (Gray), III. Ind. Zool. pi. S3. £1,2. — Lanius 

 muscicapoides Frankl ; Tephrodornis superciliosa Swains. ; Lanius 

 sordidus Less. ; Tephrodornis leucura Hodgs. 



2. T. pelvica Hodgs. — Tephrodornis sylvicola Jerd. 



3. T. ? erythropygia Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1840. p. 17. 



4. T. Mrundinacea (Temm.) Swains. PL col. 119- 



5. T. concolor Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 799- 



6. T. griseola Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 180. 



7. T. virgata (Temm.) Swains. PL col. 256. f. 1. 



8. T. (?) ocreata Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xv. p. 129. 



Lanius Limi.* 



Bill more or less long, and broad at the base ; with the culmen curved, and the sides much compressed 

 to the tip, which is hooked and strongly emarginated; the gonys long and ascending; the gape 

 furnished with a few short bristles ; the nostrils lateral, with the opening rounded and partly hidden 

 by the projecting bristles. Wings moderate and rounded, with the fourth quill the longest. Tail 

 more or less long, narrowed, and graduated. Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe, strong, and 

 covered in front with broad scales. Toes moderate, with the lateral ones nearly equal ; the outer 

 slightly united at the base ; the hind toe long, and broadly padded ; the claws moderate, curved, and 

 acute. 



The species of this genus are found throughout Europe, Asia, and some portions of Africa. They are usually seen 

 singly or in pairs in woody or bushy places. Their food consists of various kinds of insects, which they generally 

 seize on the ground, or from among the foliage, and even occasionally pursue while on the wing. They also attack 

 lizards, small birds, and quadrupeds ; these they destroy by strangulation. When the life is extinct, they fix their 

 prey on a thorn, while engaged in feeding on it. Their courage is very great, and prompts them to attack birds of far 

 superior size, should they approach their haunts. Their flight is undulating, usually performed by jerks, and while 

 perched on a branch the tail is in continual motion. The nest is placed in trees or bushes, and is composed of moss, 

 wool, and dry grass, lined internally with hair. The eggs are usually five to seven in number. 



1. L. excubitor Linn. Gould, B. of Fur. pi. 66. 



2. L. major Pall. Zoogr. i. p. 401., PL enl. 445. 



3. L. algeriensis Less. Rev. Zool. 1839- p. 134. 



4. L. meridionalis Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 143. 



5. L. septentrionalis Gmel. — Lanius excuhitor Wils. Audub. 

 B. of Amer.pl. 192. 



6. ? L. borealis Vieill. Ois. d'Amer. Sept. t. 50., Wils. Amer. 

 Orn. pi. 5. f. 1. 



7. L. cxcubitorides Swains. Faun. Bor. Amer. ii. p. 115. pi. 34. 



8. L. elegans Swains. Faun. Bor. Amer. ii. p. 122. 



9. L. ludovicianus Linn. Faun. Bor. Amer. ii. pi. 34. — Lanius 

 carolinensis Wils. Amer. Orn. pi. 22. f. 5. ; L. ardesianus Vieill. 

 Ois. d'Amer. Sept. t. 51., Audub. B. of Amer. p. 57. 



1 0. L. lahtora Sykes, Proc. Z. S. 1 832. p. 86., Gray, 111. Ind. 

 Zool. pi. 32. f. 1, 2. — Lanius excubitor Frankl. ; L. magnirostris 

 Less. 



11. L. minor Gmel. PI. enl. 32. f. 1. — Lanius vigil Pall. ; L. 

 italicus Lath. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 68. 



1 2. L. schach Linn. — Lanius chinensis Gray. 



13. L.nigriceps Frankl. Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 1 1 7. — Collurio 

 tricolor Hodgs. ; Lanius nasutus Scop. ? Sonn. Voy. t. 70. ? ; L. 

 antiguanus Gmel. ? 



14. L. erythronotus (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 42., Gould, 

 Cent, of Birds, pi. 12. f. 2. — Lanius superciliosus Swains. ; L. 

 jounotus Hodgs. 



15. L. tephronotus (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 43 Collurio 



nipalensis et C. obscuiior Hodgs. 



16. L. bentet Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 144., Less. Cent. t. 72. 

 — Lanius pyrrhonotus Vieill. Gal. des Ois. t. 135. 



17. L. pendens Lath. Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. t. 66. f. 1. 



18. L. Hardwickii Vigors, Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 42., Gould, 

 Cent, of Birds, pi. 12. f. L 



* Linnaeus established this genus in 1756. Collyrio of Moehring (1752) is synonymous. It embraces Corvinella of M. Lesson (1831), 

 and Iiasanistes of Prof. Lichtenstein (1842). 



