536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 
Lipactinia, and that roughly speaking the size of the plant is apt to be 
inversely proportionate to the size of the heads, i.e. the large-headed 
species are chiefly herbaceous, the medium-headed species fruticose, and 
the small-headed fruticose or arborescent, — a rule which, of course, has 
many exceptions. Annual species are known only in Hamulium and 
AXimenesia. The related genus Actinomeris is maintained, as by Dr. 
Gray, for the two typical species, which in their divergent pappus-awns 
and globose receptacles are sufficiently marked. The genus Otopappus 
cannot be distinguished solely upon the ear-like wing of the achene, but 
is readily recognized by its more paniculate (less corymbose) inflorescence 
and opposite oval attenuate undivided leaves, which are 3—5-nerved from 
near the base. 
VERBESINA, L. (name a derivative of Verbena, applied because of 
some resemblance in foliage). — Heads radiate or discoid: ray-flowers 
when present usually styliferous and fertile but sometimes styliferous 
and sterile, and sometimes neutral : disk-flowers fertile. Involucre hemi- 
spherical or campanulate, sometimes much shorter than the disk-flowers ; 
bracts imbricated in 2 to 6 series, ovate to lance-oblong or linear, seldom 
squarrose, the outer usually but not always shorter. Receptacle usually 
conical ; pales concave, folded about the outer edge of the laterally com- 
pressed disk-achenes, sometimes squarrose in age. Corollas orange-yellow 
to cream-colored or white; rays short and scarcely exserted or more often 
long and showy; disk-corollas regular, with short tube, cylindrical throat 
and 5-toothed limb. Anthers unappendaged at the base. Style-tips 
acute or attenuate. Achenes glabrous or upwardly pubescent, sometimes 
tuberculate, strongly compressed laterally, usually oblong or obovate, 
winged on each edge. Pappus of 2 deciduous or persistent usually 
straight rarely hooked or obsolete awns. Herbs or shrubs (becoming 
arborescent in the tropics) with leaves serrate, dentate, or variously lobed, 
sometimes opposite, sometimes all or partly alternate, often of harsh 
texture and more or less scabrous, seldom glabrous, often decurrent. 
Heads small to large, numerous and corymbose to solitary on long te 
minal peduncles. Wings of the achenes white, chartaceo-cartilaginous.— 
Syst. Nat. (1735), & Spec. ii. 901, in part; DC. Prodr. v. 6125 Benth. 
& Hook. f. Gen. ii. 379; Baillon, Hist. Pl. viii. 204; Gray, Proc. A™- 
Acad. xix. 11-15; Klatt, Leopoldina, xx. 92-94, xxiii. 143-144; Hof 
mann in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iv. Ab, 5, 238. Chief vo 
- nyms: Ancistrophora, Gray, Mem. Am. Acad.n. ser. vi. 457. Hamulium, 
Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1820, p. 178. Platypteris, HBK. Nov. Ge™ 
