CHAPTER IV. 



THE ARGUMENTS FROM CLASSIFICATION, 



§ 122. In § 103, we saw that the relations which, exist 

 among the species, genera, orders, and classes of organisms, 

 are not interpretable as results of any such causes as have 

 been usually assigned. We will here consider whether they 

 are interpretable as the results of evolution. Let us first 

 contemplate some familiar facts. 



The Norwegians, Swedes, Danes, Germans, Dutch, and 

 Anglo-Saxons, form together a group of Scandinavian races, 

 that are but slightly divergent in their characters. Welsh, 

 Irish, and Highlanders, though they have differences, have 

 not differences such as to hide a decided community of na- 

 ture : they are classed together as Celts. Between the 

 Scandinavian race as a whole and the Celtic race as a 

 whole, there is a recognized distinction greater than that 

 between the sub-divisions which make up one or the other. 

 And the several peoples inhabiting Southern Europe are more 

 nearly allied to one another, than the aggregate they form is 

 allied to the aggregates of Northern peoples. If, again, we 

 compare these European varieties of man taken as a group 

 with that group of Eastern varieties which had a common 

 origin with it, we see a stronger contrast than between the 

 European varieties themselves. And once more, ethnolo- 

 gists find differences of still higher importance, between the 

 Aryan stock as a whole and the Mongolian stock as a whole, 



