EXPENDITURE AND GENESIS. 447 



maintenance of heat diminishes the rapidity of propagation, 

 is difficult to obtain. It is, indeed, obvious that the warm- 

 blooded Vertebrata are less prolific than the cold-blooded ; 

 but then they are at the same time more vivacious. Similarly, 

 between Mammals and Birds (which are the warmer-blooded 

 of the two) there is, other things equal, a parallel, though 

 much smaller, difference ; but here, too, the unlikenesses of 

 muscular action complicate the evidence. Again, the annual 

 return of generative activity has an average correspondence 

 with the annual return of a warmer season, which, did it 

 stand alone, might be taken as evidence that a diminished 

 cost of heat-maintenance leads to such a surplus as makes 

 reproduction possible. But then, this periodic rise of tem- 

 perature is habitually accompanied by an increase in the 

 quantity of food — a factor of equal or greater importance. 

 We must be content, therefore, with such few special facts 

 as admit of being disentangled. 



Certain of these we are introduced to by the general rela- 

 tion last named — the habitual recurrence of genesis with the 

 recurrence of spring. For in some cases a domesticated crea- 

 ture has its supplies of food almost equalized ; and hence the 

 effect of varying nutrition may be in great part eliminated 

 from the comparison. The common Fowl yields an illustra- 

 tion. It is fed through the cold months, but nevertheless, in 

 mid-winter, it either wholly leaves off laying or lays very 

 sparingly. And then we have the further evidence that if it 

 lays sparingly, it does so only on condition that the heat, as 

 well as the food, is artificially maintained. Hens lay in cold 

 weather only when they are kept warm. To which fact may 

 be added the kindred one that " when pigeons receive arti- 

 ficial heat, they not only continue to hatch longer in autumn, 

 "but will recommence in spring sooner than they would other- 

 wise do." An analogous piece of evidence is that, in 

 winter, inadequately-sheltered Cows either cease to give milk 

 or give it in diminished quantity. For though giving milk 

 is not the same thing as bearing a young one, yet, as milk 



