PRIMEVAL MAN. 357 



man species, lived, in North America, horses much larger 

 than the existing species, grazing in company with wild 

 oxen, and herds of bisons {Bison latifrons), and shrub- 

 loving tapirs {Tapirus Americanus). The streams were 

 dammed by the labors of gigantic beavers (Castoroides 

 Ohiensis), while the forests afforded a range for species 

 of hog (Dicotyles), and a grateful dwelling-place for nu- 

 merous edentate quadrupeds related to the sloth, but of 

 gigantic proportions. 



In the next place, evidences of the contemporaneity of 

 man with species of quadrupeds now extinct are found in 

 carved and deftly-fashioned implements and other articles 

 made of the horns, bones, and teeth of these animals, and 

 especially by representations of the outlines of many of 

 them executed upon ivory, bone, horn, and slate. The 

 most remarkable discoveries of this kind have been made 

 by M. Lartet, in 1 804, in the caves of Perigord, in the south 

 of France. In the midst of the soil and debris with which 

 the bottom of these caves is covered have been exhumed 

 various etchings of animals, executed on pieces of the horns 

 of the deer and the ivory of the elephant. One of these 

 sketches represents a deer, one the head of a wild goat, an- 

 other an elk allied to the moose, another the head of a rein- 

 deer, another the head of a wild boar, and still another 

 nearly the entire outline of the hairy mammoth (Fig. 100), 

 which conforms marvelously with the restoration of this 

 proboscidean published by the Russian naturalist Brandt. 

 There can be no question but that the artists were person- 

 ally acquainted with the animals which they outlined (Fig. 

 101). 



As we descend to the epoch of the Reindeer folk, the 

 principal change in the fauna of Europe consists in a dimi- 

 nution of the number of carnivores and an increase of the 

 ruminants. The mastodon, elephant, reindeer, elk, and oth- 



