PRIMEVAL MAN. 353 



evidence that the men of the Stone Age were brethren of 

 the men who came afterward from the East and taught 

 them the use of the metals, and eventually displaced them 

 from the fertile plains and valleys of Southern Europe. It 

 seems reasonable to suppose that the Iberian tribes and 

 the savage Ligurians, subjugated by the Romans, and de- 

 scribed by Ca3sar as dwelling in caves, may have been the 

 southern representatives of the primitive folk, while the 

 Finns and Lapps, as Nilsson suggests, may be the more 

 modern and more northern representatives of the same 

 folk, retreating northward with the retreat of the glacial 

 fauna which followed the retreat of the glaciers. From 

 the northern shores of Europe and Asia the same folk 

 crossed to America ; and the Esquimaux and North Amer- 

 ican Indians are the Stone folk in America, still following 

 the pursuits of their ancestors — still using the bow, the 

 kyak or canoe, and the stone hatchet, and perpetuating the 

 Age of Stone in a remote land. 



Primeval man, it must be admitted, was a barbarian, but 

 he was by no means the stepping-stone between the apes 

 and modern man. There is not a particle of evidence that 

 he was not possessed of the faculty of speech, and did not 

 exercise the same intellectual and moral powers as the cit- 

 izen of the United States. Few human crania or other 

 bones have ever been discovered upon which the judgment 

 of the comparative anatomist could be brought to bear. 

 Considerable diversity appears ; but the skulls belong to 

 the brachycephalic (or round-head) type, which, according 

 to respectable ethnologists, was the type of the ancient 

 Ligurian head. 



Primeval man used the spear and the bow in his conflicts 

 with the tiger, the bear, and the hyena, and in the wars 

 which he waged with his fellow-man; he chased the ele- 

 phant, the goat, and the musk-ox over the plains of South- 



