CHAPTER VI. 



AKCTENT GLACIERS IK THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 



About two million square miles of northern Europe 

 were covered with perennial ice during the Glacial period. 

 From the scratches upon the rocks, and from the direction 

 in which material has been transported, it is evident that 

 the main centre of radiation is to be found in the mount- 

 ains of Scandinavia, and that the glaciers still existing in 

 Norway are the lineal descendants of those of the great 

 Ice age. 



So shallow are the Baltic Sea and the German Ocean, 

 that their basins were easily filled with ice, upon which 

 Scandinavian boulders could be transported westward to 

 the east shore of England, southward into the plains of 

 Germany, and eastward far out upon the steppes of Eussia. 

 The islands north of Scotland bear marks also of an ice- 

 movement from the direction of Norway. If Scotland 

 itself was not overrun with Scandinavian glaciers, the 

 reason was that it had ice enough of its own, and from 

 its highlands set up a counter-movement, which success- 

 fully resisted the invasion from the Scandinavian Penin- 

 sula. But, elsewhere in Europe, Scandinavian ice moved 

 freely outward to the extent of its capacity. Then, as 

 now also, the Alps furnished centres for ice-movement, 

 but the glaciers were limited to the upper portions of the 

 valleys of the Rhone, the Rhine, and the Danube upon 

 the west and north, and to a still smaller area upon the 

 southern side. 



