ANCIENT GLACIERS IN EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 137 



the shores of Ireland, and became confluent with the 

 glaciers that enveloped that island, completely filling the 

 Irish Sea. 



There are so many controverted points respecting the 

 glacial geology of England, and they have such an impor- 

 tant bearing upon the main question of this volume, that 

 a pretty full discussion of them will be necessary. I have 

 recently been over enough of the ground myself to become 

 satisfied of the general correctness of the views entertained 

 by my late colleague, the lamented Professor Henry Car- 

 vill Lewis, whose death in 1888 took place before the pub- 

 lication of his most mature conclusions. But the lines of 

 investigation to which he gave so powerful an impulse 

 have since been followed out by an active body of scien- 

 tific observers. To give the statement of facts greater 

 precision and authority, I have committed the preparation 

 of it to the Secretary of the Northwest of England Boul- 

 der Committee, Percy F. Kendall, E. G-. S., Lecturer on 

 Geology at the Yorkshire College, Leeds, and at the 

 Stockport Technical School, England.* 



"All the characteristic evidences of the action of land- 

 ice can be found in the greatest perfection in many parts 

 of England and Wales. Drumlins, kames, roclies mouton- 

 nees, far-travelled erratics, terminal moraines, and perched 

 blocks, all occur. There are, besides, in the wide-spread 

 deposits of boulder-clay which cover so many thousands 

 of square miles on the low grounds lying on either side of 

 the Pennine chain, evidences of the operation of ice- 

 masses of a size far exceeding that of the grandest of ex- 

 isting European glaciers. But, while the proofs of pro- 

 tracted and severe glaciation are thus patent, there are, 

 nevertheless, many apparently anomalous circumstances 

 which arrest the attention when the whole country is sur- 

 veyed. The glacial phenomena appear to be strictly lim- 

 ited to the country lying to the northward of a line ex- 



* Mr. Kendall's contribution extends to page 181. 



