154 MAN AND THE GLACIAL PERIOD. 



side, and the other turning nearly due southward and 

 forcing its way up the broad Vale of Eden. 



" Under the pressure of an enormous head of ice, this 

 stream rose from sea-level, turned back or incorporated 

 the native Cumbrian Glacier which stood in its path, and, 

 having arrived almost at the water-shed between the 

 northern and the southern drainage, it swept round to 

 the eastward and crossed over the Pennine water-shed; 

 not, however, by the lowest pass, which is only some 1,400 

 feet above sea-level, but by the higher pass of Stainmoor, 

 at altitudes ranging from 1,800 to 2,000 feet. The lower 

 part of the course of this ice-now is sufficiently well char- 

 acterised by boulders of the granite of the neighbourhood 

 of Dalbeattie in Galloway ; but on its way up the Vale of 

 Eden it gathered several very remarkable rocks and posted 

 them as way-stones to mark its course. One of these 

 rocks, the Permian Brockram, occurs nowhere in situ 

 at altitudes exceeding 700 feet, yet in the course of its 

 short transit it was lifted about a thousand feet above its 

 source. The Shap granite (see radiant point on map) 

 is on the northern side of the east and west water-sheds 

 of the Lake District, and reaches its extreme elevation, 

 (1,656 feet) on Wasdale Pike ; yet boulders of it were 

 carried over Stainmoor, at an altitude of 1,800 feet liter- 

 ally by tens of thousands. 



"This Stainmoor Glacier passed directly over the Pen- 

 nine chain, past the mouths of several valleys, and into 

 Teesdale, which it descended and spread out in the low 

 grounds beyond. Pursuing its easterly course, it abutted 

 upon the lofty Cleveland Hills and separated into two 

 streams, one of which went straight out to sea at Hartle- 

 pool, while the other turned to the southward and flowed 

 down the Vale of York, being augmented on its way by 

 tributary glaciers coming down Wensleydale. The final 

 melting seems to have taken place somewhere a little to 

 the southward of York ; but boulders of Shap granite by 



