ANCIENT GLACIERS IN EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 155 



which its extension is characterised have been found as 

 far to the southward as Eoyston, near Barnsley. 



" The other branch of the Solway Glacier — that which 

 travelled due eastward — passed up the valley of the Ir- 

 thing, and over into that of the Tyne, and out to sea at 

 Tynemouth. It carried the Scottish granites with it, and 

 tributary masses joined on either hand, bringing charac- 

 teristic boulders with them. 



" The fate of those elements of the Solway Frith Gla- 

 cier which reached the sea is not left entirely to conject- 

 ure. The striated surfaces near the coast of Northum- 

 berland indicate a coastwise flow T of ice from the north- 

 ward — probably from the Frith of Forth — and the gla- 

 ciers coming out from the Tyne and Tees were deflected 

 to the southward. 



" There is conclusive evidence that this ice rasped the 

 cliffs of the Yorkshire coast and pressed up into some of 

 the valleys. Where it passed the mouth of the Tees near 

 "Whitby it must have had a height of at least 800 feet, but 

 farther down the coast it diminished in thickness. It 

 nowhere extended inland more than a mile or two, and 

 for the most part kept strictly to the coast-line. Along 

 the whole coast are scattered erratics derived from Gal- 

 loway and the places lying in the paths of the glaciers. 

 In many places the cliffs exhibit signs of rough usage, 

 the rocks being crumpled and distorted by the violent 

 impact of the ice. At Filey Brigg a well-scratched sur- 

 face has been discovered, the striation being from a few 

 degrees east of north. 



" At Speeton the evidence of ice-sheet or glacier-work is 

 of the most striking character. On the top of the cliffs of 

 Cretaceous strata a line of moraine-hills has been laid down, 

 extending in wonderful perfection for a distance of six 

 miles. They consist of a mixture of sand, gravel, and a 

 species of clay-rubble, with occasional masses of true bould- 

 er-clay, the whole showing the arched bedding so char- 



