RELICS OF MAN IN THE GLACIAL PERIOD. 271 



mains whatever, but some well-scratched boulders. Below 

 this was a third stratum of earth mingled with limestone 

 fragments, at the base of which were numerous remains 

 of the mammoth, rhinoceros, bijypopotarnus, bison, hyena, 

 etc. One bone occurred which was by some supposed to 

 be human,- but by others to have belonged to a bear. This 

 lower stratum is, without much doubt, preglacial, and the 

 thickness of the deposit intervening between it and the 

 upper fossiliferous bed is taken by some to indicate the 

 great lapse of time separating the period of the mammoth 

 and rhinoceros in England from the modern age. The 

 scratched boulders in the middle stratum of laminated 

 clay, would indicate certainly that the material found its 

 way into the cave during the Glacial epoch, when ice filled 

 the whole valley of the Eibble, which flows past the foot 

 of the hill, and whose bed is 900 feet below the mouth of 

 the cave. 



In North Wales the Vale of Clwyd contains numerous 

 caves which were occupied by hyenas in preglacial times 

 and with their bones are associated those of the mammoth, 

 the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, the cave lion, the cave 

 bear, and various other animals. Flint implements also 

 were found in the cave at Cae Gwyn, near the village of 

 Tremeirchon, on the eastern side of the valley, opposite 

 Cefn, and about four miles distant. We have already 

 given an illustration of the Cefn cave (see page 148). It 

 will be observed that this valley of the Clwyd opens to the 

 north, and has a pretty rapid descent to the sea from the 

 Welsh mountains, and was in position to be obstructed by 

 the Irish Sea glacier, so as to have been occupied at times 

 by one of the characteristic marginal lakes of the Glacial 

 period. It is evident also that the northern ice prevailed 

 over the Welsh ice for a considerable portion of the lower 

 part of the valley ; for northern drift is the superficial de- 

 posit upon the hills on the sides of the valley up to a 

 height of over 500 feet. From the investigations of Mr. 



