272 MAN AND THE GLACIAL PERIOD. 



C. E. De Eance, F. G. S.,* it is equally clear also that the 

 northern drift, which until lately sealed up the entrance of 

 the cave, was subsequent to its occupation by man, and 

 this was the opinion formed by Sir Archibald Geikie, Di- 

 rector General of the Geological Survey of the United 

 Kingdom, as the result of special investigations which he 

 made of the matter, f 



From the caves in the Vale of Clwyd as many as 400 

 teeth of rhinoceros, 500 of horse, 180 of hyena, and 15 of 

 mammoth have been taken. A section of the cave deposits 

 in the cave at Cae Gwyn is as follows : 



" Below the soil for about eight feet a tolerably stiff 

 boulder-clay, containing many ice-scratched boulders and 

 narrow bands and pockets of sand. Below this about 

 seven feet of gravel and sand, with here and there bands 

 of red clay, having also many ice-scratched boulders. The 

 next deposit was a laminated brown clay, and under this 

 was found the bone-earth, a brown, sandy clay with small 

 pebbles and with angular fragments of limestone, stalag- 

 mites, and stalactites. During the excavations it became 

 clear that the bones had been greatly disturbed by water 

 action ; that the stalagmite floor, in parts more than a foot 

 in thickness, and massive stalactites, had also been broken 

 and thrown about in all positions ; and that these had been 

 covered afterwards by clays and sand containing foreign 

 pebbles. This seemed to prove that the caverns, now 400 

 feet above ordnance datum, must have been submerged 

 subsequently to their occupation by the animals and by 

 man. In Dr. Hicks's opinion, the contents of the cavern 

 must have been disturbed by marine action during the 

 great submergence in mid-glacial times, and afterwards 



* Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society for 1888, pp. 

 1-20. 



f See De Ranee, as above, p. 17 ; and article by H. Hicks, in Quar- 

 terly Journal of Geological Society, vol. xlii, p. 3 ; Geological Maga- 

 zine, May, 1885, p. 510. 



