288 MAN AND THE GLACIAL PERIOD. 



the present time. But during the Glacial period the 

 grizzly bear, now confined to the western part of America, 

 and the extinct cave-bear were companions, or enemies as 

 the case may be, of man throughout Europe. The cave-bear 

 was of large size, and his bones occur almost everywhere 

 in the lower strata of sediment in the caves of England. 

 The great Ikish Elk, or deer, is now extinct, though 



it is supposed by some to 

 have lingered until his- 

 toric times. Its remains 

 are found widely distrib- 

 uted over middle EurojDe 

 in deposits of palaeolithic 

 age. 



The House was also, 

 as we have seen, a very 

 constant associate of man 

 in middle Europe during 

 the Palaeolithic age, but 

 probably not as a domes- 

 FiG.9i.-Skeieton g ofthe g irisheik(Cervu 8 ticated animal. The evi- 

 dence is pretty conclusive 

 that he was prized chiefly for food. About some of the 

 caves in France such immense quantities of their bones 

 are found that they can be accounted for best as refuse- 

 heaps into which the useless bones had been thrown 

 after their feasts, after the manner of the disposal of 

 shells of shell -fish. In America the horses associated 

 with man were probably of a species now extinct. The 

 skull of one (Equus excelsus) recently found in Texas, 

 in Pleistocene deposits, associated with human imple- 

 ments, is, according to Cope, intermediate in character 

 between the horse and quagga.* The frontal bone was 

 crushed in in a manner to suggest that it had been knocked 



* American Naturalist, vol. xxv (October, 1891), p. 912. 



