WALTER HOUGH. 453 



It is apparent that in the advanced culture stage of the 

 Pueblos the privations of an environment had less restrictive 

 character than in earlier stages. Gradually they attain su- 

 periority to the environment which had worked on them to the 

 extent of its capabilities, and this has been the history of the 

 growth of mankind. 



Thus the regions least favored, in fact, prohibitive to tribes 

 who had not the schooling of experience, became the seed fields 

 of advanced tribes. Given unfailing springs as a starting 

 point, the waste sand flats of streams occasionally and tem- 

 porarily filled with water became cornfields which yielded 

 bountiful returns to the Indian agriculturist. These regions 

 yielded the surplus which is necessary for the building of an ad- 

 vanced civilization, and here rather than in the favorable sub- 

 environments arose the true agriculture of cereals on which 

 basis the civilizations of the world now rest. 



The environment determined largely the methods of appli- 

 cation of water to land. North of the great ridge which crosses 

 the southern portions of Arizona and New Mexico forming the 

 watershed of the Gila salt river are found the more primitive 

 methods of irrigation, that is by simple canals diverting water 

 from streams to]the nearest land, and by warping or spreading 

 a fan of water from a point in the stream where the bank and 

 bed of the stream are at a uniform level by slight temporary 

 barriers. South of the ridge which absorbs the cloud moisture 

 and diverts it into the Gila we find a more complicated system 

 in the trunk and lateral canals of great extent employed by the 

 Indians who inhabited this region. Here the rivers lent them- 

 selves to irrigation, and agricultural tribes were led to employ 

 the facilities to their betterment. 



The somatology and culture of the Pueblos in ancient times 

 are known to have presented a remarkable uniformity, and here 

 may be found an argument for the compelling, panurgic force of 

 the environment. Time and isolation must be considered as 

 concomitant factors in the formation of a Pueblo type under the 

 peculiar transforming character of the environment, which, 

 while it produced uniformity in many respects, may have 



