SOUTHERN CALIFORNIANS. 17 



of Eehinoderms, and in these first evidences of man on the Aleutian Islands 

 only the rudest stone implements have been found, and nothing else. In 

 the Fish-hone layer and Mammalian layer, which successively overlie the 

 Echinoderm layer, a great change has taken place, and either the old race 

 has made a sudden advance, or, what is more likely, as thought by Mr. 

 Dall, a migration to these places of another and more advanced people has 

 taken place. In these middle and upper layers stone and bone implements 

 are found, and the stage of development approximates to that of the tribes 

 which formed the shellheaps of Oregon and California, as described by 

 Mr. Paul Schumacher and others. 



In regard to the particular Ethnical period to which the Californians 

 should be referred, there are several difficulties. The absence of pottery 

 would at once place them in the Upper Status of Savagery, as defined by Mr. 

 Morgan.* The absence of pottery, however, may be owing, on the one 

 hand, to the difficulty of obtaining- clay suitable for the purpose, and, on 

 the other, to the abundance of soft stones, like steatite and serpentine, which 

 were easily worked, and from which could be made more desirable utensils. 

 This fact, however, would not hold if the tribes had once been pottery- 

 makers, for in that case would be found some signs of the decay of the art 

 before that of working in stone was so greatly developed. After the 

 missions were established the Indians belonging to them were taught the 

 art of making pottery, which shows that clay, at least to a limited amount, 

 could be obtained by those who knew what to look for, and probably 

 it is these mission pots of clay, showing signs of having been made on the 

 wheel, which have been found sparingly in the shellheaps. 



That the ancient Californians were in every other respect as highly 

 developed in the arts belonging to the Lower Status of Barbarism, defined 

 by Mr. Morgan, as were other tribes in various parts of North and South 

 America, is shown by the high state they had reached in the manufacture 

 of chipped implements of flint and quartz; the use of the bow and arrow; 

 the manufacture of many articles of use and ornament from stone, bone, 

 and shell ; the very exceptional skill with which they made cooking pots, 

 dishes, pipes, and other articles from steatite and serpentine ; the skill and 



•Ethnical Periods, by L.H.Morgan. Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Science. Vol. xxiv, B, p. 266. (1R75.) 

 2 C I 



