24 INTRODUCTION. 



Indians; but, while fragments of the latter have been found in the graves, 

 it is not certain that netting and weaving were not introduced by the Span- 

 iards, though there is an equal chance of their having been derived from 

 the more highly-developed nations of the south. Being in location between 

 the higher nations of the north and south, it is very likely that many of the 

 arts of both sections would in time become known to the Californians in the 

 simple course of trade and warfare of tribe with tribe. From the known 

 facts we certainly have good reasons for assuming that inter-tribal communi- 

 cation was pretty extensive throughout the greater part of America in very 

 early times, and as we know that the ancient Peruvians, for example, had 

 attained as high a development in many of the arts as the Europeans at the 

 time of the conquest of the country, we must be guarded in attributing too 

 much of the development in the arts to Spanish influence, especially when 

 we realize that the Indian tribes, probably without exception, have rapidly 

 deteriorated under contact with the white race. 



Like nearly all other North American nations, the Californians were 

 smokers; using as pipes large tubes made of stone, and slightly conical in 

 shape, the mouth-piece being formed by the insertion of a small hollow 

 bone of a bird at the small end of the tube. In many of the graves pipes 

 of this character, beautifully made of steatite and allied minerals, have been 

 found still having portions of the mouth-piece held in place by asphaltum. 

 Among the present Indians of the State similar pipes are occasionally found, 

 and it is very likely that this early, perhaps primitive, form of smoking-pipe 

 has been handed down, and is only giving way of late years to the more 

 universal shape, having the bowl perpendicular to the stem. Tubes made 

 of stone and copper, of various sizes and shapes, have been found in many 

 parts of North America, and while thej r have been often considered as used 

 for other purposes than that of smoking, the majority are now called pipes 

 by most archaeologists. The tubular pipes, in shape like those found in the 

 graves of California, have been rarely discovered in other parts of the coun- 

 try, and but few have been recorded, the most interesting specimen in this 

 connection being one now in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, which 

 was found in Andover, Mass. Another of slate has recently been found by 

 Dr. C. C. Abbott in New Jersey. Professor Powell has informed me that 



