SOUTHERN CALIFORNIATSTS. 25 



similar pipes are occasionally used by the Utes of the Colorado, by whom 

 they are regarded as of great value. Mr. Powers,* in his note about the 

 "wild tobacco (Nicotiana $luvnhagimfolia)" called "pan" by the Neeshenams 

 of Bear River, California, mentions that this tobacco, which "has a pungent 

 peppery taste," is smoked with great satisfaction "in a wooden or stone 

 pipe,f which is constructed of a single straight piece, the bowl being simply 

 a continuation of the stem, enlarged." He also describes one made of soap- 

 stone, about six inches in length, "which tapered down to a bulb, which 

 was inserted in the mouth." That their pipes or smoking tubes were not 

 alone used for the simple gratification which smoking affords is evident from 

 the several accounts given by the early writers, and they unquestionably 

 were used in many of the tricks of the "medicine men" and in superstitious 

 observances. Venegas says: "They applied to the suffering part of the 

 patient's body the Chacuaco, which is a tube formed out of a very hard, black 

 stone. * * * Sometimes the tube was filled with cimarron or wild 

 tobacco, lighted."! 



In 1728 Father Luyando, of the Loreto Mission, " as a preliminary to 

 baptism, insisted on the abjuration of faith in the native jugglers or priests, 

 and demanded the breaking and burning of their smoking kibes and other instru- 

 ments and tokens of superstition as a proof of this." § It would seem, 

 however, that the pious fathers of the missions in the vicinity of Santa 

 Barbara had not been very successful in this work of destruction, judging 

 from the number of perfect pipes found in the more recent graves. 



Pedro Fages in his description of 'the burial ceremony in Southern 

 California says that, "At the head of the procession marches one smoking 

 gravely from a large stone pipe, followed by three others; he three times 

 walks round the idol and the corpse; each time the head of the deceased is 



* Aboriginal Botany, by Stephen Powers. Proe. Cal. Acad. Soi., vol. v, p. 378. 1875. 



tThe Xeeshenams called the tobacco-pipe "panerncoolah." 



t Quoted from Forbes, p. 20. Dr. Eothrock, in his report on the Botanical collections of the sur- 

 vey (vol. vi, p. 47), states that various indigenous species of tobacco appear to have been used by the 

 native population, past and i>resent, among them N. Clevelandi, Gray, which he found only in associa- 

 tion with the shellheaps on the coast of California. Dr. Eothrock believes this species to have been the 

 standard supply of the Indians of Southern California, and from personal experience he pronounces it 

 excessively strong. 



$ Forbes, p. 20. 



