132 SMOKING-PIPES OP STONE, 



Having progressed thus far, the drilling was commenced ; and to effect 

 this it would appear that a stone drill, and not a hollow reed, was used. 

 The tool-marks, especially in the unfinished cavities of these two speci- 

 mens, are very distinct, and the hole is conical in shape, without a trace 

 of a projecting nipple at its base, as when a reed with sand and water 

 is used. Such a drill as that represented by Fig. 13 would, I think, readily 

 effect a perforation throughout the entire length of either of these speci- 

 mens without being materially dulled by the operation. 



The perforations are not of uniform diameter throughout. In all there 

 is a marked difference in the diameter of the hole, from the mouth of the 

 bowl extending downward about two-thirds of the length of the pipe, and 

 the remaining third was apparently bored by a slender drill from the base 

 until the hole through that portion met the longer cavity, which is the 

 bowl proper. They are thus somewhat like other pipes found in the inte- 

 rior of the country, and approach in character modern smoking-pipes, as 

 they only require an angle at the junction of the two perforations to make 

 them practically the same. 



Considering that the stem or mouth-piece, in all cases of bone- in those 

 here described, is in a direct line with the bowl, it is not very easy to 

 determine how such pipes could be used in smoking tobacco or other veg- 

 etable substitutes, if such tobacco or other material in any way resembled 

 that used by smokers of to-day. There appears to be no way of retaining 

 the material burned unless the smoker rested on his back and smoked in 

 that star-gazing attitude; or worse, threw his head backward at a dangerous 

 angle with his body, and thus essayed to draw comfort from the cumbrous 

 stone pipe, that needed the additional strength, in many cases, of his arm to 

 support it.* Still no other use than that of smoking-pipes can be suggested 

 for these implements; although as such they are far behind the not less 

 remarkable productions of the Moundbuilders and Indians, whose works in 

 the same direction, so far as convenience and, we may add, luxury are con- 



* Bancroft, in his " Native Eaces of the Pacific Coast," states, vol. 1, p. 394, that the Central Cali- 

 fornians "use a. species of native tohacco of nauseous and sickening odor." And also that "they burned 

 the avalone shell for the lime, to mix with their tobacco, which they swallowed, to make them drunk." 



Mr. Schumacher has, with other notes sent to the Peabody Museum, given the following: "The 

 pipe is a funnel-shaped tube like a thick, enlarged modern cigar-holder, with an opening usually over an 

 inch at the wide end, which narrows to one-third of an inch toward the other one of corresponding 

 decreased thickness. The hole was drilled from both ends, but only to a short distance from the smaller, 



