STAE-SHAPED CLUB-HEADS OF STONE AND BEONZE. 145 



while it is not polished its rounded surface has become very smooth and 

 black from use. The perforation was made by drilling from both sides of 

 the stone, and the hole is a little more than half an inch wider on each face 

 than in its centre, thus leaving a space between the staff and the stone 

 which has been filled, above and below, with the gum by which the stone 

 is held in its place. The stone is three inches in diameter and one and a 

 half in thickness. The only attempt at ornamentation on this weapon con- 

 sists of a single circle of small pieces of shell placed in the gum on each 

 side of the stone. 



Another instructive implement of modern times, taken in connection 

 with the former use of these stones in California, is an Eskimo implement 

 in the Blackmore Museum. This is described by Mr. Stevens* as "con- 

 sisting of a stone ball with a drilled hole, through which a strip of raw 

 hide is passed to serve as a handle." 



Closely allied to the larger of these perforated stones, which were 

 probably used as club-heads, are the two found in Scandinavia, which are 

 furnished with several projections. One of these is figured by Professor 

 Nilsson.f It has four points and an extreme width of about eight inches. 

 The central perforation is straight and about one inch in diameter. Such a 

 stone mounted on a strong handle would prove a weapon of no mean order, 

 and it is classed by Professor Nilsson as a battle-axe, though, as he states, 

 he and others once considered it as an anchor. 



This form of perforated stones leads to the star-shaped club-heads of Peru 

 and Chili, of which several have been described, made both of stone and of 

 bronze. Mr. Thomas Ewbank, in his account of the antiquities of Chili and 

 Peru, J describes and figures two of these heads of war-clubs, or six-pointed 

 maces, made of bronze, and mentions another made of nearly pure copper. 

 These were all found in a grave in the province of Cusco. They are about 

 the size of the one from Scandinavia, which is made of stone, and figured 

 by Professor Nilsson. The hole for the handle is about one inch and an 

 eighth in diameter. One of these bronze mace-heads has one of the rays 

 longer than the others and sharpened like a hatchet. 



'Flint Chips, j>. 499. t Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia, p. 75, pi. ix, fig. 189. 



t In U. S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years 1849-52, 

 Lt. J. M. Gilliss, Supt., vol. ii, p. 138, 1855. 



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