OEXAMENTS OF SHELL. 259 



dently for the purpose of making a pendant like Figs. 58 and 59, was found 

 at Dos Pueblos, and is represented by Fig. 60. A columella of this character 

 was ground down to the required size and shape and made into a pendant 

 by boring a hole through the large end. In order to make this pendant 

 still more attractive, the spiral groove was filled with asphaltum, or a mix- 

 ture of that material and red pigment, as is the case with the specimen rep- 

 resented in Fig. 55. Sometimes the spiral groove was so nearly, or even 

 wholly, obliterated in the process of grinding the columella into shape, as to 

 make it necessary to enlarge, or even to recut the groove, in order to make 

 a place for the much-loved asphaltum. Pendants of this character are shown 

 in Figs. 54, 55, 56, 58, 5P. Still another form of ornament, made from the 

 columella of a different shell, is shown in Figs 61, 62, 63, 64 of Plate XIII. 

 In making these, great care has been taken to obtain a smooth and sym- 

 metrical ornament. The spiral whorls of this shell are loose and open, so 

 that a natural tube exists throughout the length of the spire; at the same 

 time the spiral groove in this central portion is very narrow; consequently 

 it has been artificially enlarged for the insertion of the asphaltum, which 

 thus winds spirally about the shell, as is well shown by the black bands in 

 Figs. 63 and 64. As the natural orifice at the large end of the shell seems to 

 have been too large for properly adjusting and confining the ornament as 

 desired, this difficulty was overcome by inserting a small shell of DentaUnm, 

 as shown in Fig. 63, or by making a little plug of shell, which was carefully 

 fitted and bored, as shown in Fig. 61. A fourth form of pendant was made 

 by cutting out the serrated lips of the shells of Cyprea, as shown by Figs. 

 47, 4K, 49, 50, 51. Fig. 52 of the same plate represents one of the species 

 of Cyprea used for this purpose, from which the dorsal portion of the shell 

 has been cut. 



Fig. 57 shows a long and slightly (naturally) curved and rounded piece 

 of shell cut from the great clam ( Tivola) of the coast This is a common 

 form of ornament, and pieces of this shape, generally with a flattened sur- 

 face on one side, at each end, have been found of various lengths, most 

 of which are perforated lengthwise. The drilling of the small hole through 

 so long a piece of hard shell must have been a difficult operation, and one 

 which required great skill and patience, as many of the pieces are 4 to 5 



