290 OBSERVATIONS ON CRANIA 



which the two extremes of crania are found together, or in which their 

 coexistence is a legitimate inference, the presence of the stranger is ex- 

 plicable on the theory of adoption or intermarriage, or D3 7 any of the 

 other customs by which the Indians in other portions of the country were 

 in the habit of recruiting their ranks. The third form, orthocephalie, or 

 intermediate would then follow as a result of the union of the two ex- 

 tremes. Plausible as is this explanation, it acquires additional force from 

 the fact that it accords with the historical account of the existence of 

 numerous tribes along this coast, speaking different languages, as given 

 in all of the early chronicles, and especially since this account is confirmed 

 by the philological researches of Mr. Albert S. Gatschet,* who shows that 

 the people formerly living on the mainland opposite Santa Cruz, spoke a 

 different language from those living- immediately to the south, just opposite 

 the southern group of islands. Basing his conclusions upon the very in- 

 complete vocabularies that have come down to us from the Spanish Fathers, 

 and also upon the more recent and satisfactory researches of Dr. Horatio 

 Hale of the United States Exploring Expedition, and of Dr. Oscar Loew, 

 he calls one of these tongues the "Santa Barbara" (a dialect of which was 

 also spoken on Santa Cruz of the northern group of islands), and the other 

 he claims as a dialect of the widely-extended Shoshonee stock of lan- 

 guages. With this conclusion I certainly do not take issue, for though it 

 does not by any means definitely settle the question as to what language 

 was originally spoken on Santa Catalina Island, yet it does show that the 

 language in use on the mainland, opposite, differed from that spoken by 

 the Santa Barbara Indians, who lived on the same shore, immediately to 

 the north, opposite Santa Cruz. As the people on this island spoke the 

 same language as those on the mainland just opposite, it is not improbable, 

 to say the least, that the inhabitants of the southern islands spoke the same 

 language as the people living on the coast opposite them, and therefore 

 differing from that spoken on the northern islands. 



Thus it will be seen that these lines of argument reenforce each other, 

 and the difference of race between the people inhabiting these two groups 

 of islands, rendered probable by a study of the languages, is made com- 



* Annual Report of the Geographical Surveys west of the 100th meridian, Lieut. George M. Wheeler, 

 U. S. Army, iu charge, p. 330. Washington. 1876. See also map in Contributions to American Eth- 

 nology, Vol. Ill, in which the same linguistic distribution is adopted. Washington, 1877. 



