292 OBSERVATIONS ON CRANIA. 



ship with the tribes from the mainland they throw a flood of light upon the 

 matter. Referring again to Table II, it will be noticed that there is a great 

 similarity between the collections of crania from the northern group of 

 islands and those from the mainland. Especially is this noticeable in the 

 case of the Pah Ute, a member of the great Shoshonee family. All are 

 orthocephalic or of a low grade of brachycephalism; and this form, so far 

 as known, prevails up and down the coast, and as far inland as the hunting- 

 grounds of the Apache and the Navajo. Nowhere except on two of the south- 

 ern group of islands, and on them in differing proportions, do we find the 

 dolichocephali in such numbers as to justify the conclusion that they were 

 ever the prevailing race. Everywhere else they are, when found at all, in 

 such limited numbers as to give the impression that they were the survivors 

 of a people in course of rapid extinction rather than the precursors of an 

 incoming race of conquerors. Even the prevalence of the orthocephalic 

 type of skull, on the northern group of islands, and its presence in such 

 large proportion on the Santa Catalina group, where the dolichocephalic 

 type so distinctly prevails, taken in connection with the powerful leaven of 

 brachycephalism and the small percentage of dolichocephalism on the main- 

 land, speaks of battle and defeat and the wholesale appropriation of women 

 by the victors. Read in the light of history, we probably have here the 

 story of a contest in which the original dolichocephalic possessors of the 

 soil were worsted by their brachycephalic invaders and driven back, some- 

 what as the Basques were in Northwest Spain, until they were finally cir- 

 cumscribed within the narrow limits of San Clemente and Santa Catalina, 

 with nothing but the broad expanse of the ocean between them and the 

 Hawaiian Islands, hundreds of miles away. Here, unable to retreat farther, 

 shut in between "the devil and the deep sea," they were found at the time 

 the Spaniards overran California, and here they lingered — a miserable 

 remnant — until about the beginning of the present century, when they were 

 removed to the mainland by the Catholic Fathers and collected around 

 the different Missions. In this new home and with their mode of life 

 changed they were soon reduced to a condition of peonage in which con- 

 querors and conquered alike became the " hewers of wood and drawers of 

 water" to a superior people. 



