414 WESTEBN LANGUAGES CLASSIFIED. 



sections of Arizona, and over Southern California, but are spoken also in 

 the larger portion of the Californian Peninsula, and most probably through 

 the whole of it. The Cochimi vocabularies of Dr. William M. Gabb and 

 Mr. Robinia, of Guaymas, forming part of the Smithsonian collection of 

 linguistic material, furnish satisfactory proof that Yuma dialects are in use 

 in the Peninsula as far south as the 26th degree of latitude. 



The seven Yuma vocabularies presented in this volume do not, however, 

 go beyond the latitude of the mouth of Colorado River. Readers will soon 

 perceive, in glancing over them, that in the eastern dialects the vocalic ele- 

 ment prevails largely, while it diminishes when going westward. Dieguefio 

 (and Cochimi) have indeed elided their vowels to some extent, and thus ren- 

 dered their speech consonantic; clusters of consonants are gathering chiefly 

 in the final syllables. The Yuma dialects inflect the noun by means of 

 cases and postpositions, and the verb possesses a so-called plural form. 



The term Yuma adopted for designating this linguistic stock was taken 

 from the Yuma or Kutchan tribe living at the junction of Colorado and Gila 

 Rivers, around Fort Yuma. The term Apache is frequently used in designa- 

 ting some Yuma tribes, as Mohave- Apaches, Tonto-Apaches, Yuma- Apaches, 

 and the Kutchan Indians call the Yavipai and Tonto: Apahuatche or 

 "fighting, warlike men". Apache means man, Indian, and is composed of 

 ipa, epa, man, and a suffix -tch appended to substantives in the Colorado 

 River dialects of the Yuma stock. This word becomes Ap-ahwa-tche 

 through the incorporation of the term ahwa, ahua, war, warfare; thus the 

 compound word Apahuatche distinguishes the bellicose, indomitable tribes 

 of the sierras from Apache as the more peaceable and numerous Indian 

 populations of the Arizonian valleys. Both terms are correctly applied to 

 tribes of the Yuma as well as of any other race; but to avoid the utmost 

 confusion in ethnologic, linguistic, and historic publications, we must con- 

 fine the terms Apache and Apahuatche either to Tinne" tribes, as is generally 

 done, or drop them altogether. 



A list of the dialects of the Yuma stock follows, to which are added 

 various historical spellings of the tribal names and the earlier habitat of the 

 Yuma tribes, before they were settled on reservations. The ending -pai, 

 -pa, occurring in most Yuma tribal names, means "people." 



