CALIFORNIA MISSION INDIANS. 421 



aries composed by some industrious Padi'es are of great assistance to us in 

 establishing the outlines of the areas as they existed at the beginning of the 

 nineteenth century. They give us five linguistic areas in which missions 

 were established, or four if we consider the San Antonio to form one stock 

 with the Santa Barbara. Going from south to north these are as follows : 



Yuma, with a mission near San Diego (and one among the Maricopas 

 in Arizona). 



Nurua, with several missions mentioned above, under Kauviiya. 



Santa Barbara, with the missions of Santa Barbara, Santa Inez, &c. 



San Antonio, with San Antonio, San Miguel, and San Luis Obispo 

 Missions. 



Mutsun, extending from the vicinity of San Antonio to San Rafael 

 Mission, north of San Francisco Bay. 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



Having discussed the phonetic and other grammatic features of most of 

 the languages spoken of in your Annual Reports of 1875, pages 180-187, 

 and of 1876, pages 330-343, students of the forty vocabularies will have to 

 refer constantly to them, and, in fact, these "Analytic Reports" form an 

 essential and integral part of this present Introduction. 



The linguistic material of this volume is a faithful reproduction of the 

 orthography of the original vocabularies. 



To enable the investigator to comprehend fully the mode of pronun- 

 ciation in 0. Loew's vocabularies, I subjoin the scientific alphabet of Gibbs, 

 recommended by the Smithsonian Institution, and followed by 0. Loew in 

 all but a few particulars. The few additions and changes made by him he 

 describes in the following remarks : 



" For nasal vowels I have substituted for n superior (a 11 ) the more con- 

 spicuous circumflex (a, u), and the dumb nasalized sound between o and u 

 I have expressed by u. tch was preferred to ch ; ny to the Spanish letter n. 

 The rh is the vocalic r occurring in Sanscrit,* and zz is s pronounced with 

 a buzzing sound. An apostrophe within or after a word indicates arrested 

 sound or sudden stoppage of the voice ; p'a, water ; ko', boneP 



* This is a slight mistake. By the digraph rh 0. Loew sought to express the uvular r, and not the 

 vocalic r of Sanscrit, which sounds almost like r in bittern, slatternly. 



