468 APPENDIX TO LINGUISTICS. 



that sense which we desire to convey, for valley is to them either a grassy plain, or a 

 canon, deep vale, dell, and their terms for autumn mostly refer to the temperature 

 of the weather at that season of the year. In most languages stone and rock, hillock, 

 hill, mountain, and ridge are considered separate ideas, and are therefore expressed by 

 terms differing widely from each other. 



In inquiring for verbs, the sense of the query must be still more specific and unmis- 

 takable than in inquiring for nouns. Indians possess an infinity of verbs of going, 

 coming, walking, standing, falling, lying, speaking, seeing, according to the various 

 modes in which these acts are performed ; nevertheless, it is true that some of their 

 dialects possess generic terms to express them, like the European languages. The 

 clearest and most definite information for comparative vocabularies can be obtained 

 here when we inquire for terms unmistakable, and therefore expressed by one Indian 

 equivalent only, Uke to bite, to pinch, to scratch, to cough, to breathe, to bend, to twist, to 

 swell u<p, to snap in two, to break in two, to break at one end, etc., with their passive, me- 

 dial, causative, reciprocal, reflective, impersonal forms wherever such are found to exist. 



AEIVAlPA— Vocabulary No. 1. 



Like all the other Tinne' dialects, those of the southern branch of this family present 

 uncommon difficulties in rendering them phonetically. A long acquaintance with one 

 or several dialects is required to express any of them with accuracy by means of one 

 of the modern scientific alphabets. This remark applies as well to the present vocabu- 

 lary, taken by Mr. G. K. Gilbert, a geologist .of the Expedition, as to Nos. 2, 3, and 4. 



List No. 1 was obtained, by means of the Spanish language, from Conception, a 

 Mexican, who had been taken captive by the Arivaipa Indians in his childhood. He 

 spoke this dialect with fluency, but his Spanish was rather defective. 



Mr. Gilbert's sch is the German sch in Eschen ; his tsch is a compound of ts and 

 EngUsh ch ; 'n is a strongly nasalized n standing without a vowel ; ii is the German ii, 

 and kh the guttural aspirate. Macrons (a, u) often serve to mark emphasis, not quan- 

 tity of syllables. 



Slin-sno-sa, star (67) ; tzitl, hill, mountain (90) ; ifil-gutr, to run (193). These three words are but very poor approxima- 

 tions to their true sound, ruba is prairie-wolf, coyote-wolf ; klisk-ng-zho-zhe (118), lit., "snake without rattles;" ka-di! 

 enough ! that's the end ! 



AEIVAlPA— Vocabulary No. 2. 



Dr. O. Loew obtained this series of Apache words at San Carlos, Camp Apache 

 Eeservation, collating it afterwards with the interpreter, Marcial Gallejos, a Mexican, 

 who had lived fourteen years among the Apaches. Here, as well as in the other vocabu- 

 laries obtained by Dr. Oscar Loew, the diacritical marks adopted by him for the tl and 

 the nasalized vowels, as described in " Classification " above, had to be, in many 

 instances, replaced by u and by n superior : e n , i n , etc. Softened vowels were written 

 either a e , o e , u e , or a, 6, ii. 



Additional words and sentences : * 



Tin pot, vase pes-tus. 



Hole oyan. 



Squirrel tseskosi. 



Crow, raven tchishuki. 



Bean-plant mi D . 



Soapweed {Yucca baccata) koye-tsose. 



Mullein ( Verbascum) tseshi. 



Sunflower (Relianthus) na-tlitso. 



'Sentences partially extracted from " Zwolf Sprachen aus dem Sudwesten Nordanierikas, von Albert S. Gatschet; Wei- 

 mar, 1876. 8°." Page 93. 



