784 Lieut. Irwin's Memoir of Afghanistan. [Oct. 



ces formerly detailed — the height of the hills, their character, whether 

 steep or tame, and that of their valleys, whether deep and narrow, or 

 the contrary. Slopes and plains even of moderately high hills have a 

 cool and healthy air, but deep vales in the bosom of even the highest 

 mountains have a hot summer, rendered still more disagreeable by 

 stagnation of air, yet even they are warm only in comparison with 

 their immediate neighbourhood. Of this class is the valley of Chitrul, 

 so called from a town situated on the Kashkar river, and the capital 

 of one of the four principalities of that country, (see paragraph 17-) 

 The numerous valleys of Swad, Bhooner, and Pukhlee are warm, as is 

 that of Khost, comprehended in the revenue division of Bunnoo, from 

 which it lies in a westerly direction, in the bosom of the range of 

 32^°. The valley of Jajee is as cold as Cabul, that of Toree is 

 warmer. Teera situated on the range of 34°, Oorgoon on that of 32|°, 

 parts of upper Bungush, and the valleys in the Jadran range are some- 

 what warmer than Cabul. Zhob, in the Kakur country, is much 

 warmer than Cabul, but much colder than Candahar. Even Pushing, 

 or as the Afghans call it Psheen, the country of the Tureens, is some- 

 what cooler than Candahar ; but Shorabuk, or the country of the Bure- 

 ches, is of the same temperature. 



56. The country of the Dooranees considered as a whole, is of 

 a temperature intermediate between Cabul and Peshawur, but exhi- 

 bits considerable diversities within its own extent. Teeree, inhabited 

 partly by Huzaras partly by Dooranees, is a cold place, falling 

 not much short of the warmer parts of Cabul. The country called 

 Zumeendawur, lying on the right of the Helbund in its further 

 progress (see para. 41) is a temperate one. No winter there passes 

 without snow, but to it succeeds the gurm seer (so called even in 

 Tamerlane's time) in which there falls no snow. It lies WSW. of 

 Candahar, which is only a little cooler. In some winters snow falls 

 there, but it soon melts. The intensity of the summer heat is how- 

 ever moderated by western and northern breezes, and close nights are 

 quite unknown. Few towns are more healthy than Candahar. Furah, 

 although in a latitude somewhat higher, is warmer than Candahar ; 

 Subzwar, or Isfazar of the Zooree tribe, is much cooler, by reason 

 of its being situated on high land. Hirat is still cooler, and is proba- 

 bly not very different from Bokhara, to be afterwards men- 

 tioned. Still colder are the vallies of the Ymaks, which are 

 yet far more temperate than those of the Huzaras, and generally 

 speaking similar to Cabul. In Muro snow lies but a short time after 

 falling. Toorshish is in a temperature perhaps the same as Hirat, and 



