882 Lieut. Irwin's Memoir of Afghanistan. [Nov. 



at least in Chitral, and one in the dominions of Kokur. One mine of 

 lead is found in upper Bungush. In the country of the Shinwarees, 

 who are west of the Afreedus, one inine. There are two mines in the 

 country of the Kokurs, and one at Turbulakh of the Dehzungee 

 Huzaras, who are the most westerly of all. Near Baghis of the Ty- 

 munees within the Ymak hills, the spring torrents bring down pieces 

 of this metal. I have not heard of its being found in any other place 

 of Khoorasan, except near Nishaboor. In Toorkistanit is very abun- 

 dant. There is one mine in the hills near Bulkh ; in the principality 

 of Talikan there seem to be two mines. In the district of Undurab 

 there is one mine, and in that of Khoost another. Lead is also found 

 in Khirjan, which lies between Khoollum and Bameean. In Bu- 

 dukhshan lead is abundant, and there are three or four mines in the 

 valley of Wunj. Some lead is also brought through this country from 

 Kashkar and the borders of the Kafirs. Kolab has two mines, 

 Buljeewan, which is under the lesser Kolab and is beyond the Oxus, 

 has one, and in the territory of Hisar are two. Noorutahas one mine, 

 and there is perhaps another in the dominions of Kokun, and one or 

 two in those of Tashkund. There is one mine in Keerategin, probably 

 more. Soorma without lead is found in the principality of Talikan, 

 in several places, and is said to be abundant in Budukhshan, Durwaz, 

 and Keerategin. Soorma is found in the country of the Besoot Huzaras, 

 who are among the most easterly of that nation. A mineral called 

 white soorma, is found near Dubran, which lies north of Huzara. 



111. Orpiment, which is yellow oxyde of arsenic, is found near 

 Sakhir in Seahbund, and in more than one place in the hills of Bulkh. 

 It is also produced somewhere in Budukhshan, near Lungreeal, 

 which is not far from Dubran ; it is the ore of some metal of a whitish 

 colour and a consistence which adapts it to be easily made into 

 bullets. Towards Cabul and in many other places, the villagers use a 

 certain species of gravel, called sungtsachma, for shot. The most fa- 

 mous place for sulphur is Gogirduk, between Khoollum and Bulkh, 

 but this mineral is said to be found in some other places of Bactria, to 

 the east of Bulkh. Some is produced in the territory of the greater 

 Kolab, and some in that of Fyzabad. Sulphur is reported to be found 

 in the hill of Sherabad (see paragraph 188.) It abounds in Chitral, 

 and some other parts of Kashkar, and some of it is in an oxydized 

 state. Some is to be seen in the desert of Margiana (see paragraph 

 101.) There are two mines in Seeweestan, of which one is near Bhag, 

 and one not far from Sunnee. The western Tubus is famous for its 

 sulphur, as well as its tobacco. Some of the springs of the Kafirs 



