1014 Lieut. Irwin's Memoir of Afghanistan. QDec. 



to the town, but camels and mules are employed in longer journeys. 

 In Puklee many mules are used. The internal trade of Toorkistan is 

 chiefly by ponies and horses. In some parts of the east asses are much 

 used, but in Keerategin men transport the greater quantity of goods. 

 Nor is that species of carriage peculiar to this country, but is known in 

 Budukhshan, Durwaz, Kushmeer, and in the countries within the great 

 mountains which bound India to the north. A considerable proportion 

 of the goods carried from Peshawur to Kashkur through Bajour or 

 Punjokhora are for some distance conveyed on the backs of men ; it is 

 needless to observe that the roads are of the most difficult kind. 



162. The animal most commonly used for ploughing in these coun- 

 tries is the ox, and in some of them no other is used. A circumstance 

 which greatly recommends them, is that no other servant is required 

 besides the drivers, whereas for all the other animals a man is required 

 to lead. On the other hand, a single bullock is but very seldom found 

 equal to this work ; but where the soil is light, ahorse or camel is suffi- 

 cient, these have also the merit of greater celerity, which may in some 

 cases be much required in farm management. Accordingly horses 

 are in part used over most of the open parts of Toorkistan, and by the 

 Ymaks. In Muro scarcely any other animal is used. The use of horses 

 in the plough, perhaps, extends to some of the other parts of the north 

 of Khoorasan, but in all other quarters of that vast country it seems 

 unknown, and in the other countries under review, I presume very 

 few instances of it are to be seen. The Khirghizes plough on the 

 Pamer chiefly by means of bullocks of the Tibet species, already men- 

 tioned, but in other quarters they use camels. The Kuzzaks employ 

 camels almost solely. The Tureens and Buruhes use both camels and 

 bullocks. A proportion of camels is used in certain parts of the 

 Kokur dominions, and a few in Seeweestan. In Beekaneer and the 

 neighbouring countries, camels are used, but not so much as bullocks. 

 It may be presumed that camels are much employed in the warm 

 parts of Bulochistan, but among the hills bullocks are almost solely 

 yoked. In the neighbourhood of Mooks and Abilazee, places in the road 

 between Candahar and Ghuznee, it is not uncommon to see the fields, 

 which are commonly light, but with a mixture of stone, under plough 

 by a couple of asses. In Seeweestan two asses are sometimes yoked. 



163. Bullocks most commonly draw water, whether it be fetched up 

 by a rope and leathern bucket, or by the action of a wheel. Yet are 

 camels sometimes used in the country of Beekaneer, and in others in or 

 near the Indian desert, and always with good effect, one bringing up 

 the bucket from the deepest wells. The Toorkmuns near the Oxus, 



