1839.] of the country extending between Bhar and Simla. 1049 



clay, clay ironstone, and coal, which consists of four kinds — pitch 

 coal, slate coal, canal coal, and glance coal ; the last however in the 

 secondary series occurs in but small quantity, and is of no value. 

 Resting immediately below the carboniferous or mountain limestone, 

 we find among the Himmalehs a series of slates (the old red sand- 

 stone where we have as yet examined being wanting) the equivalent 

 of Murchison's Silurian system, between which however there is no 

 line of demarcation from the transition properly so called, viz. the 

 grey wacke, grey wacke slate, clay slate, &c. having the same 

 angle, dip, and direction. Shortly after leaving the Fir-tree 

 Bungalow, we meet with the slates in general dipping to the N. E., 

 under an angle of upwards of 70°- At Hurreepoor Bunga- 

 low we still meet with the same slates, alternating with quartz 

 rock, and as we approach near to Syree, we meet with a series 

 of alternations of grey wacke, grey wacke slate, clay slate, sand- 

 stone, and quartz rock. Syree village is built upon clay slate; 

 on ascending the hill which overlooks Syree, we find the slate 

 occurring nearly at right angles, with the usual dip to the N. E., pro- 

 duced by a large mass of quartz rock. In no part of the mountains 

 which have as yet come under our observation, are the effects of 

 the quartz rock on the grand scale more beautifully seen, than in this 

 locality, nor could a finer example in order to study the effects, and 

 at the same time the relations of the latter, be pointed out. On 

 the south side of the village of Calug, which consists of a few native 

 huts, the slate is highly inclined, and much contorted, and dips to the 

 N. under an angle of 75°. Before reaching the village of Badari, which 

 consists of a small bazar, and about twenty or thirty native houses, 

 we again meet with the quartz rock, stratified, and dipping to the 

 N.W. under an angle of 25°. Immediately above the village 

 mentioned, close to which a mountain torrent passes, we have a 

 beautiful section of clay slate, upwards of two hundred feet, being 

 exposed dipping to the N. and W. under an angle of 25°. 



At the first resting place used by coolies coming from Simla, a 

 small table-shaped hill, distant about two miles from it, there is 

 an immense dyke of basaltic greenstone, cutting through the clay 

 slate, which at the line of junction, and for some distance, is much 

 indurated. Cutting through the basaltic greenstone we have small 

 dykes of syenitic greenstone, we have therefore here three different 

 ages of formation. From this place to Simla we meet with the 

 same clay slate, in many places however highly crystalline and pass- 

 ing into mica slate. The numerous metamorphisms which the slate 

 assumes around Simla, passing from the rather earthy looking slate 



